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Nerophys 2 PCC
First lecture exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four type of stimuli | 1. Mechanical deformation 2. Chemical 3. Change in temp 4. Electromagnetic |
| T or F: extremes of temperature stimulates thermoreceptors | False: stimulates nociceptors |
| Curret flows in which direction (2) | 1. the same direction of positive ion movement 2. Opposite direction of negative ion movement |
| Firing rate of a nerve increases when? | When the receptor potential gets higher above threshold |
| When we speak of relatively non adapting responses, we are refering to what adaptation? | Slow |
| Six slow adapting receptors | 1. Joint capsule 2. Muscle spindle 3. Nerkel's discs 4. Ruffini end organs 5. Nociceptors 6. free nerve endings |
| Rapidly adaptive receptors respond to what? What are three of them? | Vibration 1. Hair receptors 2. Pacinian corpuscles 3. Meisner's corposules |
| 1. Hair receptors respond to how many Hz? Pacinian corpuscles? Meisner's corpuscles? | 1. 30-40 Hz 2. 250 Hz 3. 30-40 Hz |
| Membrane adaptation is thought to be due to entry of what ion? How? | 1. Ca+ 2. Ca opens K channels pumping K out of the cell taking it further away from threshold |
| 1. In Lloyd's system, which types are myelinated? Which is the largest? Which is the smallest? Which is unmyelinated? | 1. I II III 2. I 3. IV 4. IV |
| How fast would a myelinates 8m nerve transmit information? | 48 m per s |
| How fast would an unmyelinates 12m nerve transmit information? | 12 m/s |
| 1. Slow adaptation 2. Rapid Adaptation Tonic or phasic? | 1. Tonic 2. Phasic |
| Type I mechanoreceptors : 1. Threshold 2. Adaptation 3. Speed/size | 1. Low threshold 2. slow adapting 3. Fastest/largest |
| Type II mechanoreceptors : threshold, adaptive ability, size/speed | 1. Low threshold 2. Rapidly adapting 3. A little smaller and a little slower than type I |
| Type III mechanoreceptors : threshold, adaptive ability, size/speed | 1. Very high 2. Slow adaptation 3. A little smaller and slower than type II |
| Type IV mechanoreceptors : threshold, adaptive ability, size/speed | 1. Very high 2. Slow adaptation 3. Smallest/slowest |
| Which type receptor is responsible for nociception? | IV |
| All ____ order neurons cross | Second |
| Where are first order neuron cell bodies? | DRG |
| 2nd order spinothalamics/anterolateral system neurons cell bodies are where? | Spinal cors |
| 2nd order distal column neuron cell bodies are located where? | Brainstem |
| 3rd order cell bodies are found where? | Thalamus |
| 1. Anterolateral system/spinothalamics cross over where? 2. Dorsal columns cross over where? | 1. Spinal cord 2. Brainstem |
| T or F A single sensory axon gives us all relevant information? | False: properties of an object are processes by many |
| Four types of sensory information that we can detect | 1. Pressure 2. Cold 3. Warth 4. Nociception |
| 1. Sensation of wet = ___ + ___ 2. Ticklish = ___+___ 3. Itching = ___ + ____ | 1. Light pressure + cold temp 2. Gentle + Pressure 3. Gentle stimulation + Nociceptors |
| What receptors on the finger pads detect extremely fine textures? | Pacinian corpuscles |
| Three rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors | 1. Meisners 2. Hair follicles 3. Pacinian |
| 1. What 2 mechanoreceptors respond to vibration? 2. RA or SA? | 1. Meisner's and Pacinian 2. RA |
| 2 slow adapting mechanoreceptors | Merkel's and Ruffini's |
| Which had a larger receptive field? Superficial or deep mechnoreceptors? | Deep = Pacinian and Ruffini |
| 1. Superficial mechanoreceptors include what two? Smalle or large receptive feild? | 1. Meisner's and Merkel's 2. Small receptive feild |
| Which RA mechanoreptor is more sensitive to increase frequency? | Pacinian (200 Hz) |
| Surround inhibition occurs when? | When 1st order neurons stimulate 2nd order neurons which stimulates neighboring 2nd order neurons |
| 1. Surround inhibition occurs universially where? 2. Enhances __ but not __ | 1. CNS 2. Adges but not Acuity |
| 1. 2 major pathways? 2. Which carry ipsilateral info? why? | 1. Dorsal column - medial lemniscal system, anterolateral system 2. Dorsal/medial-lemniscal system because they don't cross until the brainstem |
| Pain and temp are felt with what system? | Anterolateral system (contralateral) |
| Look at table with mechanoreceptors | sup vs deep etc |
| Damage to left leg may be damage to what part of cord? why? | Left side of dorsal collum medial lemniscal system because these fibers don't cross until the brainstem |
| Which system crossesw in the cord? | Anterolateral system |
| 1. Affects aspects of touch and proprioception 2. Affects senstions of crude touch, nociception, temp, sexual sensation | 1. Dorsolateral-medial lemniscal system 2. Anterolateral system |
| T or F: Most nerve cells are reponsive to multiple modalities? | False: only one modality |
| Broadman ares 3, 1, 2 = what? | S1 |
| T or F: there is only one sensory homunculus? | False: Broadman areas 3,1,2 all have their own complete map of body surface |
| Brodmann area 3,1,2: Rapidly adapting cutaneous receptoirs 2. Muscle stretch receptors 3. Cutaneous receptors 4. Deep pressure receptors | 1. 1 2. 3A 3. 3B 4. 2 |
| Three types of neurons in the broadmann areas 1 and 2 | Motion sensitive neurons, direction sensitive neurons, orientation sensitive neurons |
| Type of neuron that respond best to movement across a specific axis? | Orientation sensitive neurons |
| Neurons that responds well to movement in all directions | Motion sensitive neurons |
| Two broadmann areas that integrate stereognostic and visual information which projects then to the the frontal lobe? | 5 and 7 |
| Broadmaa area of the posterior parietal cortex that intergrates tactile input from the skin with proprioceptive inputs from underlying muscles and joints | 5 |
| Where is BA 5 and 7 located? | 5 = posterior to 3,1,2 7 = inferior to 5 |
| 1. Secondary somatic sensory cortex (S-II) is locates where? 2. Where does it project its information to? | 1.1. Sylvian fissure 2. Insula or Isle of Reil |
| Projection from __ are required function for S-II | S-1 |
| Three things stimulating that can activates nociceptors? | 1. Mechanical stimuli 2. Extremes of thermal stimuli 3. Chemical stimuli |
| T or F : Pain is the same thing as nociception? | False: Pain is the perception of the nociceptive input |
| T or F: Pain is a primitive sensation | True |
| ___ are the least differentiated sensory receptors in the body? | Nociceptors |
| Nociceptors can be sensitized by tissue damage...what does this mean? | Lowers pain threshold...law of faciliation |
| K, Seratonin, bradykini, histamine, prostaglandin, substance P...which causes activation, which cause sensitization? | Prostaglandins and substance P cause sensitization |
| 1. A delta fibers AKA? 2. C fibers AKA? | 1. III 2, IV |
| 1. A delta fibers sense what kind of pain? 2. C fibers sense what kind of pain? | 1. Sharp 2. Dull ache |
| 1. A delta fibers release what neurotransmitter 2. C fibers? | 1.Glutamine 2. Substance P / Glutamine |
| T or F: Sustance P is a fast acting neurotransmitter? | False: Prolongs sensation |
| Localization of pain: A fibers? C fibers? | 1. Good 2. Poor |
| Modes od external stimuli: A delta fibers C fiber? | 1. Mechanical / thermal 2. Plymodal / chemical |
| Termination: A delta? C fibers? | 1. VB of thalamus 2. Diffuse termination |
| 1. C fibers release ___ and __? 2. Which is the fast component? 3. Where do C fibers terminate? | 1. Glutamate and Substance P 2. Glutamate 3. Substantia gelatinosa |
| Which fibers usually terminate in the substantia gelatinosa? | Nociceptive C-Fibers |
| 4 cardinal signs of inflammation? | Robor, Calor, Tumor, Dolar |
| Which between the CNS and PNS responds to the gating theory? | PNS |
| CNS controls pain how? | 1. Direct electrical signals to the brain 2. by use of interneurons (gate control) |
| CNS or PNS uses endogenous opiuds and canabinoids to block pain? | CNS |
| Which two types of fibers block pain in gate-control theory? | A Alpha and B betas (also via tens unit) |
| What neurons are inhibited with endogenous opiods? | 2nd order projection neurons |
| Paraquaductal gra--1--- 2 ---3--- cord ---4--- inhibition of C a A delta fibers | 1. Enkephalins 2. Raphe N 3. Seratonin 4. Enkephalins |
| Cannabinoids receptors in the brain | CB 1 |
| 2 endogenous cannabinoids produces by the brain | 1. Anadamide 2. 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) |
| What can occur if surgery is used to treat pain? | Pain can return with new sensations never felt before |
| 2 things which may cause irritation of meninges | Alcohol abuse and constipation |
| How does referred pain occur? | First order neuron of the skin and viscera share a common 2nd order neuron |
| How can muscle spam cause headache relating to the pain receptors in the meninges? | There are connective tissue bridges between muscle and dura mater in cervical spine |
| Why can cervical joint dysfunction cause headaches? | Because there is overlap of the CN 5 nuclei down the cord |
| CV V nucleus of termination extends down to where? | C2 |
| 1. Extrafusal fibers are innervated by __? 2. Intrafusal? | 1. Alpha motor neurons 2. Gamma motor neurons |
| Are muscl spindles extrafusal or intrafusal fibers? | Intrafusal |
| Afferent iunnervation of muscle spindle cells (2) | Group Ia (large diameter) and group II (small diamter) ... myelinated |
| SPindles are efferently innervated by what? | Gamma motor neurons |
| What are GTOs innervated by? | Ib afferent fibers |
| GTOs are in series with __ fibers? | Extrafusal fibers |
| When spindles are activatesd it initiates a reflec which stimulates __ neurons to contract the muscle | Alpha motor |
| Muscle spindles are __ to extrafusal fibers? | Parallel |
| 1.. Which responds to static stretch of a muscle? (nerve) 2. Dynamic strech? | 1. Group II fibers 2. Group Ia fibers |
| Nuclear chains respond to __ streches. (___ neurons) | 1. Static 2. II |
| 1. What do primary endings sense? 2. Secondary endings? | 1. Dynanic stretches 2. Static lenght of muscle |
| GTOs are innervated by a single __ fiber | Ib |
| 1. Spindles cause __ 2. GTOs cause ___ | 1. Contraction 2. Innibition |
| Do GTOs have a motor neuron? | No |
| What do gamma motor neurons do? | Cause contration of spindle cells to keep their tension relevent to the rest of the muscle. This way they can monitor stretch at any given lenght |
| 3 things that gamma motor neurons are controlled by? | Reticular formations, vestibular system, cutaneuous snesory recetors |
| In a slow muscle contraction __ shortens, slower than ___ fibers. | 1. Intrafusal 2. Extrafusal |
| Spindles in conjuction with GTO provide CNS with what? | Propriocetion |
| Site of neuronal input can be what? | The same site for multiple outputs... site of incomming convergence and site of outgoing divergence |
| IOncresed signal strenght that is transmitted by progrssively greater number of fibers? What is this called? | Spatial summation |
| Increase signal strenght by increasing frequency of IPS | Temporal summation |
| Sum of EPSP is greater that IPSP...will depol occur? | yep |
| What occurs in facilitation? | Closer to threshold but not quite there |
| What phenomena is responsible for long term memory? | LTP - Long Term Perpetion |
| 2 ways signals can be prolonged? | 1. Synaptic afterdischarge 2. Reverbratory Circut |
| Type of signal prolongation in which postive feedback within a circuit due to collateral fibers which restimulate itself or neighboring neurons in the same circuit? | Reverberatory neuron |
| Reverberatory circuit can be subject to ___ or ___ | 1. Facilitation 2. Inhibition |
| Continous intrinsiuc neuronal discharge occurs because of what? (2) | Less negative membrane potential and leaky membrane to Na/Ca |
| In continous Reverberatory signals: IPS ___ with excitation IPS ___ with inhibition | 1. increase 2. decrease |
| What part of the nervous system exhibits continous signal output - self excitatory | ANS |
| Systems in which undergo rhytmic signal output result from what kind of circuit? (example) | Reverberatory circuits (phrenic to diaphragm) |
| Almost every part of the brain connects with every other part (directly or indirectly) This may cause the problem of over excitation...what is this problem caused by? | 1. Inhibitory circuits 2. Fatigue of synapse 3. Decreasing RMP 4. Down regulation of receptors |
| Change in EEG resulting from stimulation of a sensory pathway | Sensxory Evoked Potential |
| EEG are recorded during what? | Repetative natural sitmuli |
| T or F : senbsory evoked potential consist of multiple components related to various aspects of subcortical and cortical processing? | True |
| EPs are clinically usefull for what? (2) | Assessing the function of sensory systems and evaluating demyelinating diseases |
Created by:
LrB
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