SW Licensure I
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| Parataxic distortions | neo-freudian - causes maladaptive behavior stemming from misperceptions that involve responding to a person as though he or she were a significant person from the past and are due to arrest or persistence
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| What is Crisis theory? | disruption of a person's normal or stable state. Manifestations include emotional upset, biophysical upset, cognitive disturbance, and behavioral changes
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| What are three categories of crisis origin? | situational, maturational, and cultural/socio-cultural
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| What are the stages of crisis? | 1. the hazardous event, 2. the vulnerable state (reaction), 3. the precipitating factor (last straw), 4. active crisis state , 5. reintegration
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| What are the three components of Freud's personality theory? | Id (birth - life drives), ego (6mo - defers gratification, rational thinking and planning), and superego (4-5 yrs - internalization of values, conscious - attempts to block socially unacceptable id drives)
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| What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development (Freud) | Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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| Defense mechanism - reaction formation | person avoids an anxiety evoking instinct by expressing its opposite
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| Defense mechanism - displacement | transfer of instinctual drive from its original target to a less threatening target
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| Defense mech - sublimation | type of displacement where an unacceptable impulse is diverted into a socially acceptable, even admirable activity
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| What is the object relation approach? | personality theory - Kohut, Mahler,
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| What is an object introject? | the mental representation of a person (object-rel)
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| self-representation and object representation | mental image of the self, and mental image of another person
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| 4 stages of object relations | 1. normal autism (1st mo, infant is oblivious to envi), 2. symbiotic phase (2-8 mo - inf is fused with mother, no differentiation), 3. differentiation (7mo - self and object begins to seperate), 4. int/rapproacht (2-3 yrs - perm sense of self and object)
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| object relations & borderline personality | developmental deficiencies lead to splitting/ unstable self image. individual may have immature, unconstrained agressive feelings, and irrational thoughts - feeling persecuted or unloved
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| Alfred Adler | Individual psychology - behavior is purposeful and motivated by a person's future goals rather than determined by past events. Each individual has a set of motives, traits, values, interests
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| Jung Analytical psychotherapy | behavior is determined by past events and future goals and aspirations - conscious and unconscious. extraversion and introversion attitudes, and four basic psychological functions
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| Humanistic psychotherapy | 1. phenomenological approach - must understand person's subjective experience, emphasis on wholeness of individual, focus on curent behaviors, believe in individual's strengths, reject diagnosis and labels
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| Narrative therapy | focus on understanding how experience creates expectations and how expectations then shape experience through the creation of stories - social constructionism
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| Gestalt therapy | Fritz Perls - each individual is capable of assuming personal responsibility for her own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated whole - emphasizes personal responsibility (humanistic psychotherapy)
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| reality therapy | William Glasser - people can take control of their own lives - behavior originates from individual rather than from external forces
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| Solution focused therapy | short-term (5-10 sessions) - client defines goals, focus on what is possible and changeable, miracle question. is not concerned with roots of individual's or family's problem
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| Erik Ericksons' 5 stages of development | 1. trust vs. mistrust (0-1), 2. autonomy vs. shame/doubt (2-3), 3. initiative vs. guilt (3-5), 4. industry vs. inferiority (6-12yrs), 5. identity vs. role confusion (12-18yrs)
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| axis 1 | clinical disorders and other focused conditions
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| axis 2 | personality disorders and mental retardation
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| axis 3 | general medical conditions
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| axis 4 | psycho social and enviornmental problems
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| dual diagnosis | client as both a major psychiatric disorder and substance abuse or dependence
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| 3 categories of mental disorders | 1. due to general medical condition, 2. substance related disorders, 3. primary mental disorders
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| aphasia | difficulty with names and words
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| apraxia | difficulty with motor acts (cooking, dressing, cleaning)
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| agnosia | can't recognize objects, family members, etc
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| classical conditioning | neutral (conditioned) stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus - eventually the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response that is naturally produced by unconditioned stimulus
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| classical extinction | gradual elimination of classicaly conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
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| congruent communication seriously contradicts any of the others | communication in which two or more messages are sent via different lvels, but none of the messages
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| conjoint family therapy | single therapist treating the marriage by seeing both spouses together in the same session (treatment of two or more persons in a session together)
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| counterconditioning | elimination of a response by pairing the response or associated stimuli with a stimulus that naturally elicits an incompatible or more desirable response
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| differentiation extended family systems therapy | (bowen) - seperation of an individual's intellectual and emotional functioning from that of their family members
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| double bind communication | contradictory or logically inconsistent communications from the same person along with understanding that the inconsistency must not be commented
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| Roger's facilitative conditions | person-centered therapists - 3 core conditions - empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard
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| Field Theory - Lewin | focus on the total psychological environment and attempts to explain behavior on the basis of dynamic interactions among life forces
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| functional analysis | a behavioral assessment that includes an evaluation of the target behavior as well as its antecedents and consequences. results are used to select an appropriate intervention and monitor its effects
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| general systems theory | the "whole" can be understood only in terms of the organization and interactions of its components. systems could be open or closed and receives input from the envi.
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| negative reinforcement | operant conditioning - performance of a response terminates an aversive condition or stimulus. negative reinforcement serves to increase the occurrence of a behavior
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| positive reinforcement | operant conditioning - presence of a response or behavior elicits a rewarding condition so that the response or behavior is strenthend or maintained
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| metacomplementary relationship | reciprocal relationship where one individual allows or forces the other to be in charge
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| metacommunication | every message has two levels - report and commandnonverbal message (command) commenting on the intent of a verbal statement (report)
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| Johari Window | graphic model of interpersonal behavior that is applied to many different theories of group interaction and social psychology
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| what are some common tetragens? | alcohol, narcotics, lead, cocaine, nicotine
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| what are kubler ross' five stages of death | 1.denial, 2. anger, 3. bargining, 4. depression, 5. acceptance
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| 4 patterns of attachement | 1. secure, 2. insecure (anxious/avoidant), 3. insecure (anxious/ambivalent), 4. disorganized/disoriented
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| What are the four nested levels in bronfenbrenners theory? | Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem
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| Four stages of adjustment to retirement - Atchley | 1. pre-retirement (making plans for the future), 2. honeymoon 3. disenchantment (novelty wears off), 4. re-orientation phase (create a satisfactory and realistic lifestyle)
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| Levinson's four periods of the lifespan | 1. infancy through adolescense, 2. early adulthood, 5. middle adulthood, 4. late adulthood
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| Piagets constructivism | Cognitive development. People actively construct higher levels of knowledge from elements contributed through biological maturation and the environment
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| what is stranger anxiety? | 6-8 mo children become very anxious and fearful in the presence of strangers. It continues to age 2 and then diminishes
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| How many stages are there in prenatal development? | three
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| Piaget's cognitive stages | 1. sensorimotor (0-2y), 2. preoperational (2-7 yr), 3. concrete operational (7-11 yr), 4. formal operational (11+ yr)
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| What is insecure (anxious/avoidant) attachment? | Avoidant baby shows little distress when his or her mother leaves the room and avoids or ignores her when she returns
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| What is insecure (anxious/ambivalent) attachement | Baby becomes disturbed whenleft alone with a stranger but is ambivalent when the mother returns and may become angry and resist her attempts at physical contact
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| what is a tetragen? | substance that crosses the placental barrier and causes defects in the embryo or fetus
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| what is the babinski reflex? | toes fan out and upward when soles of the feet are tickled
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| what is the babkin reflex? | close eyes, open mouth, and turns head to side when pressure is applied to both palms
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| what is holophasic speech? | 1-2 yr children - speech which consist of single words and express whole phrases and sentences
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| what is social learning theory? | Proposes that learning is a result of a combination of observational learning and differential reinforcement.
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| What is the Vygotskyian approach? | Psychologist acknowledge the impact of biology on cognitive development, but placed greater emphasis on cultural factors
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| What part of the brain is responsible for high level cognitive functions, language, spatial skills, and complex motor activities? | cerebal cortex
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| anaclitec depression | effect of early institutionalization (hospitalism) - infants. retarded physical development, disruption of perceptual motor skills and language. caused more by lack of social contact
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| Kohlberg's stages of moral development | 3 levels of 2 stages each: 1. Pre-conventional (obedience and self-interest orientation), 2. conventional (social norms and law and order morality), 3. post-conventional (social contract orientation and principled conscience)
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| Piaget's four stages of development | 1. sensorimotor - rooting, sucking, object permanence, 2. preoperational stage - 2-7, acquisition of motor skills, magical thinking, 3. concrete op stage 7-12, think logically but only with practical aids, 4. formal op stage - 12+ abstract reasoning
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| dysphoria | depressed mood, anxiety, irritability, restlessness. opposite of euphoria
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| euthymic mood | mood in the normal range, implies abscence of depressed or elevated mood
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| dyssomnia | primary disorders of sleep or wakefulness characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia as the major presenting symptoms. Disorders of amount, quality, timing of sleep
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| ataxia | partial or complete loss of coordination of voluntary muscular movement
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| retrograde amnesia | loss of memory of events that occurred before onset of etiological condition or agent
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| conversion disorder | motor or perceptual symptoms suggesting physical disorder, but which reflect emotional conflicts
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| dyskinesia | distortion of voluntary movements with involuntary muscular activity
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| ideas of reference | feeling that casual incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person
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| aphonia | inability to produce speech sounds that are required the use of the larynx that is not due to a lesion in the central nervous system
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| cataplexy | episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone resulting in individual collapsing, often in association with intense emotions such as laughter, anger, fear, or surprisesc
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| schizoid personality disorder | detachment of social relationships, limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations, preference for social isolation (like autism)
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| depersonalization disorder | feelings of unreality/detachment, high co-morbidity with anxiety and mood disorders
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| major depressive disorder | depressed mood lasting more than 2 weeks, feeling worthless or indecisive, loss of pleasure or interest in usual activities (anhedonia). recurrent episoes more common
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| histrionic mood disorder | overly dramatic, sensational, and sexually provocative. impulsive and need to b at the center of attention
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| antisocial personality disorer | noncompliance with social norms, violates rights of others, irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful
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| schizotypal personality disorder | odd and unusual behavior and appearance, socially isolated, highly suspicious, magical thinking, ideas of reference, illusions. many meet criteria for major dep.
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| cyclothymiac disorder | chronic version of bipolar disorder, manic/dep episodes less severe, persisting manic or depressive states, 2 or more years adult, more than 1 yr child. high risk for bipolar I or II
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| ego psychology | base in psychoanalysis with focus on ego functions and adaptations. defense mechanisms, adaption to expected envi, ego master, and separation/individuation
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| pica disorder | persistent eating of nonnuritive substances such as paint, hair, sand, cloth, etc. without aversion to food. seen in pregnant women, small children, and developmentally disabled
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| rumination disorder | regurgitation and rechewing of food. affecting only infants, young children, and people with cognitive disabilities.
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| encopresis | repeated passage of feces in inappropriate places
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| enuresis | repeated voiding of urine during day or night in bedding or clothes
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| reactive attachment disorder | a lack of attachment or indiscriminate, superficial attachments
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| schizophreniform disorder | illness of less than six months. greater likelihood of an acute onset preceded by turmoil/high stress. range of prognoses characterized by absence of blunted or flat affect.
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| malingering | ndividual fabricating or exaggerating the symptoms of mental or physical disorders for a variety of motives.
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| prolixin | typical antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of psychoses such as schizophrenia and acute manic phases of bipolar disorde
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| somaticization disorder | chronically and persistently complain of varied physical symptoms that have no identifiable physical origin. One common general etiological explanation is that internal psychological conflicts are unconsciously expressed as physical signs.
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| echopraxia | tic, repetitive involuntary movements
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| echolalia | tourettes, repetitive involuntary speech/sounds
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