Epidemiology Quiz 1
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| Primary Prevention | Prevention of the occurrence of the disease.
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| Secondary Prevention | Early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease.
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| Tertiary Prevention | Treatment and rehabilitation to maximize capabilities.
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| Prevention - Population-based approach | A preventative measure is applied widely to an entire population, must be relatively inexpensive and noninvasive.
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| Prevention - High-risk approach | Targets high risk groups with preventative measure. May be more expensive and is often more invasive or inconvenient than population-based approaches.
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| Modes of Transmission | Direct - person to person by means of direct contact.
Indirect - occurs through a common vehicle such as contaminated air or water supplies, or by a vector such as a mosquito.
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| Epidemiologic triad of disease | Host - example: a person
Agent - example: a bacterium
Environment - example: contaminated water supply
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| Clinical Disease | characterized by signs and symptoms
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| Preclinical disease | Not yet clinically apparent, but is destined to progress to clinical disease
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| Subclinical disease | Not clinically apparent not destined to become clinically apparent. Often diagnosed by serologic response or culture of organism.
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| Persistent (chronic) disease | Person fails to "shake off" infection, and it persists for years/life.
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| Latent disease | Infection with no active multiplication of the agent.
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| Endemic | the habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area
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| Epidemic | the occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common source
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| Pandemic | a worldwide epidemic
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| Herd immunity | the resistance of a group of people to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
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| Incubation period | the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness
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| Attack rate | (number of people at risk in whom a certain illness develops)/(total number of people at risk)
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| Rate | Tell us how fast a disease is occurring in a population. Proportion that includes a measure of time.
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| Proportions | Tell us what fraction of the population is affected. Numerator is in the denominator.
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| Incidence Rate/Cumulative Incidence | (Number of NEW cases of disease that occur during a specified period of time)/(total population at risk)
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| Incidence Density | (number of NEW cases of a disease over a specified period of time)/(total person-time)
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| Attack Rate | not truly a rate (no time span specified), actually a proportion
(number of people exposed who became ill)/(number of people exposed)
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| Prevalence | the number of affected persons present in the population at a specific time/number of persons in the population at that time.
I.E. What what proportion of the population is affected by the disease at the time.
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| Point prevalence/Prevalence | # of cases at time of study/# of people in defined population
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| Period prevalence | (# of existing cases at start of period + new cases added during study period)/ # of people in defined population
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| Incidence x duration of disease (in steady state) | Prevalence
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| Crude mortality rate | (# of deaths during a specified time period) /(# of persons in the population during time period)
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| age-specific mortality rate | # of deaths in given age group during a time period/# of individuals in specified age group
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| case-fatality rates (percent) | # of deaths from given disease/# of individuals with the disease
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| cause-specific mortality | # of deaths from a given disease during a time period/# of live individuals in population during time period
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| Infant mortality rate | # of deaths of children < 1 yr old/# of live births in same year
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| Proportionate mortality RATE | # of deaths from a particular cause in time period/total number of deaths during that time
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| Proportionate mortality RATIO | proportion of deaths of specific cause in exposed popn/proportion of deaths of specified cause in unexposed pop
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| Abortion rate | # of abortions/# of women 15-44 years of age
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| Abortion ratio | # of abortions/# of live births
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| Standardized rates | Alternative to Crude Rate when a summary rate is needed for comparison between two populations
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| Standard Mortality Ratio (SMR) | observed deaths/expected deaths x 100 (expressed as a %)
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| Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR) | proportion of deaths from a specific cause relative to all deaths in a population (e.g. deaths in Washington from cancer vs. deaths in all of US from cancer)
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| Descriptive studies | Descriptive epidemiology presents the general characteristics of the distribution of a disease (person/place/time)
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| Analytic studies | Analytic studies test a specific hypothesis to determine whether factor influences risk of a disease
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| Birth defects | # of infants with congenital abnormality/ total live births
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Created by:
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