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Epidemiology Quiz 1
Question | Answer |
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Primary Prevention | Prevention of the occurrence of the disease. |
Secondary Prevention | Early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. |
Tertiary Prevention | Treatment and rehabilitation to maximize capabilities. |
Prevention - Population-based approach | A preventative measure is applied widely to an entire population, must be relatively inexpensive and noninvasive. |
Prevention - High-risk approach | Targets high risk groups with preventative measure. May be more expensive and is often more invasive or inconvenient than population-based approaches. |
Modes of Transmission | Direct - person to person by means of direct contact. Indirect - occurs through a common vehicle such as contaminated air or water supplies, or by a vector such as a mosquito. |
Epidemiologic triad of disease | Host - example: a person Agent - example: a bacterium Environment - example: contaminated water supply |
Clinical Disease | characterized by signs and symptoms |
Preclinical disease | Not yet clinically apparent, but is destined to progress to clinical disease |
Subclinical disease | Not clinically apparent not destined to become clinically apparent. Often diagnosed by serologic response or culture of organism. |
Persistent (chronic) disease | Person fails to "shake off" infection, and it persists for years/life. |
Latent disease | Infection with no active multiplication of the agent. |
Endemic | the habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area |
Epidemic | the occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common source |
Pandemic | a worldwide epidemic |
Herd immunity | the resistance of a group of people to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune |
Incubation period | the interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness |
Attack rate | (number of people at risk in whom a certain illness develops)/(total number of people at risk) |
Rate | Tell us how fast a disease is occurring in a population. Proportion that includes a measure of time. |
Proportions | Tell us what fraction of the population is affected. Numerator is in the denominator. |
Incidence Rate/Cumulative Incidence | (Number of NEW cases of disease that occur during a specified period of time)/(total population at risk) |
Incidence Density | (number of NEW cases of a disease over a specified period of time)/(total person-time) |
Attack Rate | not truly a rate (no time span specified), actually a proportion (number of people exposed who became ill)/(number of people exposed) |
Prevalence | the number of affected persons present in the population at a specific time/number of persons in the population at that time. I.E. What what proportion of the population is affected by the disease at the time. |
Point prevalence/Prevalence | # of cases at time of study/# of people in defined population |
Period prevalence | (# of existing cases at start of period + new cases added during study period)/ # of people in defined population |
Incidence x duration of disease (in steady state) | Prevalence |
Crude mortality rate | (# of deaths during a specified time period) /(# of persons in the population during time period) |
age-specific mortality rate | # of deaths in given age group during a time period/# of individuals in specified age group |
case-fatality rates (percent) | # of deaths from given disease/# of individuals with the disease |
cause-specific mortality | # of deaths from a given disease during a time period/# of live individuals in population during time period |
Infant mortality rate | # of deaths of children < 1 yr old/# of live births in same year |
Proportionate mortality RATE | # of deaths from a particular cause in time period/total number of deaths during that time |
Proportionate mortality RATIO | proportion of deaths of specific cause in exposed popn/proportion of deaths of specified cause in unexposed pop |
Abortion rate | # of abortions/# of women 15-44 years of age |
Abortion ratio | # of abortions/# of live births |
Standardized rates | Alternative to Crude Rate when a summary rate is needed for comparison between two populations |
Standard Mortality Ratio (SMR) | observed deaths/expected deaths x 100 (expressed as a %) |
Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR) | proportion of deaths from a specific cause relative to all deaths in a population (e.g. deaths in Washington from cancer vs. deaths in all of US from cancer) |
Descriptive studies | Descriptive epidemiology presents the general characteristics of the distribution of a disease (person/place/time) |
Analytic studies | Analytic studies test a specific hypothesis to determine whether factor influences risk of a disease |
Birth defects | # of infants with congenital abnormality/ total live births |