Absoulte Monarchs/enlightenment
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| Philip II | king of spain who sent a huge fleet of warships to defeat england
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| Catherine II | queen of russia who was born a german princess named Sophie
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| Louis XIII | weak king of france who relied on a strong advisor to run the country
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| Frederick William II | king of prussia who increased the size of his country, won the seven years' warl, and stressed science
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| Charles V | Wealthiest, strongest king in europe in the 1500s who ruled spain, the holy roman empire, the netherland. part of italy, and austria
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| Louis XIV | known as the sun king who built versailles palace in france
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| peter I | king of russia who toured european capital cities
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| joseph II | king of austria who abolished the death penalty, allowed religious freedom and freed the serfs
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| Henry IV | king of france who was born a Huguenot and allowed them religious freedom
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| Maria Theresa | queen of austria whose father came up with the pragmatic canction to help his daughter take over after his death
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| Charles II | Ruler of England during the Restoration
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| CHarles I | Ruler of england during the English Civil War
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| William & Mary | Asked by Parliament to rule England and changed the government to constitutional monarchy
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| Oliver Cromwell | known as the Lord Protector of england
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| James II | English ruler who gave up the throne after 3 storstormy years feuding with parliament
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| James I | unpopular english king who was born in scotland and known for his sloppy appearance
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| Francis Bacon | english scientist who began using the scientific method
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| Isaac Newton | English scientist who developed calculus and wrote about the laws of gravity
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| Nicholaus Copernicus | Polish scientist who developed the heliocentric theory
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| antoine-laurent lavoisier | french scientist who introduced the metric system and developed the periodic table in chemistry
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| antony von leewenhoek | dutch scientist who invented the microscope
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| Robert Boyle | English scientist known as the "father of democracy"
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| Galileo Galilei | Italian who invented the telescope
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| Rene Descartes | Mathematician who said" I think, therefore, I am"
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| johannes kepler | german mathematician who calculated the elliptical orbits of planets around the sun
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| william harvey | english physician who discovered the purpose of blood in the body was to carry oxygen throughout the body
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| Denis Diderot | wrote the first encyclopedia to spread knowledge
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| Francois-Marie Arouet | said "I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."
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| Charles Montesquieu | Believed in spearation of powers in government into 3 branches with a checks and balance system
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| Adam Smith | Scottish sconomist who believed in laissez-faire where government left business alone
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| thomas paine | in his pamphlet common sense urged americans to declare their independence
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| samuel adams | leader of the sons of liberty responsible for the boston tea party
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| james madison | known as the father of the constitution
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| thomas jefferson | author of the declaration of independence
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| articles of confederation | the first laws of the US which were written weak on purpose
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| Charles Cornwallis | British general who accepted defeat for his country and surrendered to the amercians
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| constitution | the laws of the US
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| George Washington | the general who lead the american army in the american revolution
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| declaration of independence | document written by the second continental congress that created the United States of America
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