CNS final
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| The superior colliculi deals with what reflexes? | Visual
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| The inferior colliculi deals with what reflexes? | Auditory
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| Both colliculi use what tract to carry out their reflexes? | Tectospinal
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| Which cranial nerve inervates the iris? | CN III - occulomotor
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| CN III travels through what nucleus of the midbrain which contributes to its parasympathetic function? | Edinger - Westphals
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| Reticular formation of midbrain is located around what? | Red nucleus
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| The red nucleus is divided into an inferior large area called ____ and a highly vascularized superior area called ____ | 1.magnocellular 2. paryocellular
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| Red nucleus receives it's information from where? | 1. The deep cerebellar nuclei except fastigial 2. Cerebral cortex
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| Function of red nucleus | Contralatteral motor responses in posture and flexor musculature
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| Lacated between tegmentum and crus | Substantia nigra
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| What gives the substantia nigra it's black appearance? Present only in what? | 1. Dopamine 2. Mamals
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| Parkinsons is associated with drop in ____ in the ____. | 1. Dopamine 2. Substantia nigra
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| Ventrolateral aspect of cerebral peduncles composed of descending tracts | Crus Cerebri
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| Descending tracts in crus cerebri (4) | 1. Corticospinal 2. Corticopontine 3. COrticobulbar 4. Corticomesencephalon
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| Where do corticomesencephalon fibers terminate? | CN nuclei III and IV to initiate voluntary movement of the eye
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| Pineal tumors account for what percent of brain tumors? | 1%
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| Pineal gland is built like a what? Is it fenestrated? What does it secrete? | 1. Endocrine gland 2. Yes 3. Melatomin, seretonin, norepinephrine
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| 5 major subdivisions of prosencephalon | 1. Third ventricle 2. Epithalamus 3. Thalamus 4. Hypothalamus 5. Subthalamus
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| Epithalamus is located where? | Superior to midbrain tectum
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| What 2 structures does the epithalamus contain? | 1. Pineal Gland 2. Posterior commisure
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| Another name for the pineal gland | Epiphysis cerebri
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| What does the pineal gland do with age? WHat is this called? | It calcifies and it is called brain sand
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| The roof of the midbrain is called what? | Tectum
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| Cerebral peduncles contain 3 things | 1. Tegmentum 2. Substantia nigra 3. Crus cerebri
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| Smalles cranial nerve that originates from midbrain | Trochlear (IV)
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| 4 unique characteristics of cranial nerve IV | 1. Smallest 2. Nearest to dorsal midline in origin 3. Crosses over on its way out 4. Runs longest distance in cranial vault
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| Apparent origin of CN III is where? Actual origin? | Ventral from interpeduncular fossa. Periaqueductual gray matter
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| The ___ is the most significant relay center for sensory input to the cerebrum. All sensation except what? | 1. Diencephalon 2. Olfaction
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| The tectum is ___ to the aquaduct of Sylvius? | Posterior
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| Tectum is made of a quadrigeminal plate made up of 4 what? | Collicular bodies ( supperior and inferior collicular pair)
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| Gray matter surrounding the aquaduct of sylvius contains nuclei for which two CNs? | III and IV Endorphins and enkephalins
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| Cerebral peduncles are ___ to cerebral aquaduct? | Ventral
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| Posterior commissure is responsible for what reflexes? | Pupillary light reflexes
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| The subcommissural organ produces what? | Aldosterone
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| Largest nuclei in the CNS? | Thalamus
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| Included with the thalamus are two bodies? These are classified seperately as the what? | 1. Lateral and medial geniculate bodies 2. Metathalamus
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| Thalamus mean what? It is a single structure composed of 2 large gray masses. These are joined together by the ____ (or ____) | 1.Couch 2. Massa Intermedia 3. Interthalamic Adhesion
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| The thalamus forms the lateral wall of what? | Third ventricle
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| Lateral to each thalamic mass is what? | Posterior limb of the internal capsule
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| ALl sensory input to the cerebral cortex except ____ is relayed or intergrated in the ___ | 1. Olfaction 2. Thalamus
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| Thalamus, along with reticular formations helps to do what? (most important function) | Helps focus attention of the cortex temporarily making areas more receptive than others... concentration!!
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| Some apreciation of ___ and ___ are interpreted at the thalamic levels. Something else is needed for complete integration what is it? | 1. Pain and thermal 2. Higher centers (post central gyrus)
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| Myelinated fibers that runs through the substance of each thalamis mass which divide them into subdivisions | Internal medullary lamina
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| VPL = ? | Ventral Posterior Lateral nucleus
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| What does the MI mean and what does it do? | 1. Massa Intermedia 2. Divides thalamus into left and right thalamic masses
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| Largest part of the thalamus found only in the highest primates? | Pulvinar
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| The hypothalamus forms what? (walls) | Floor and portions of lateral walls of 3rd ventricle
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| Does the hypothalamus work under it's own influence? | No, influenced by others
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| The hypothalamus has vague control over what? | 1. Hunger 2. Thirst 3. Sex
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| Hypothalamus controls physiocal aspects of what? | Emotional expression
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| Which area of the hypothalamus controls sympathetic function? | Posterior nuclei and mamalary bodies
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| Parasympathetic control of hypothalamus? | 1. Increases digestive motility 2. Decreases heart rate 3. Constriction of pupils
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| Sympathetic control of hypothalamus? | 1. Increases heart rate and vasocontriction 2. Decreases digestive motility 3. Pupil dialation 4. Piloerection 5. Sweat gland secretion
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| Endocrine control from hypothalamus? Directly? Indirectly? | 1. Directly via neuron axons into posterior pituitary 2. Indirectly via neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
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| Nuclei associate with the anterior area of hypothalamus? | 1. Supraoptic 2. Paraventricular 3. Suprachiasmatic 4. Anterior 5. Preoptic
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| These nuclei send axons down through the infundibular stalk via the supraopticohypophyseal tract | Surpraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
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| Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei terminate where? WHat 2 hormones do they release? | 1. Posterior pituitary 2. Oxytocin and ADH
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| Nucelus responsible for circadian cycles? Which gland is it complexly connected to? | 1. Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) 2. Pineal Gland
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| Nuceli responsible for thermoregulation especially when the body heats up. | Preoptic nuclei
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| Nuclei known for parasympathetic function | Anterior nuclei
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| Nuclei associated with the intermediate area of hypothalamus | 1. Dorsomedial nuclei 2. Ventromedial nuclei 3. Arcuate nuclei 4. Tuber cinereum
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| Nuclei that controls parasympathetics of the GI tract | Dorsomedial nuclei
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| Nuclei responsible for satiety or fullness? | Ventromedial nuclei
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| Nuclei that contributes to the tuberoinfundibular tract. Unlike other tracts that descend to the pituitary this group of axons does what? | 1. Arcuate nuclei 2. Terminates and secrete their neurohormones into perivascular spaces of infundibular stalk
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| Term used to describe the underlying undulating bulge between infundibular stalk and mammilary bodies | Tuber Cinereum
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| The posterior area of the hypothalamus includes what nuclei? | 1. Mammilary bodies 2. Posterior nuclei
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| Nucleu important for short term memory | Mammilary bodies
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| A nuclei that is a thermoregulator: especially as the body cools down, stimulating shivering. | Posterior nuclei
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| The ___ area of the hypothalamus is knows for diverse sympathetic actions. | Posterior
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| General name applied to tracts going from the hypothalamus to the stalk or pituitary gland | Hypothalamohypophyseal tracts
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| WHich tract releases releasing factor hormones? | Tuberuinfundibular tract
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| The posterior pituitary AKA what? Develops from what? | 1. Pars nervosa 2. Neurohypophysis
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| The anterior pituitary, AKA ___, and the intermediate pituitary are made from what? | 1. Adenohypophysis 2. Rathke's pouch
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| Where does the posterior pituitary receive its influence? | It receives its influence directly from neurons that go down into it. Which neurons? 1. Paraventricular 2. Supraoptic 3. Tuberinfundibular tracts
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| WHere does the anterior pituitary receive its influence? | Directly from the blood stream
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| Located just under the lateral ventral aspect of the thalamus? | Subthalamus
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| 3 nuclei associated with the subthalamus | 1. Parvocellular region of red nucleus 2. SUperior portion of substantia nigra 3. Subthalamic nuclei (corpus luysi)
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| Subthalamis nuclei, AKA what? Is it part of pyramidal or extrapyramidal system? | 1. Corpus Luysi 2. Extrapyramidal
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| Subthalamic nuclei sends and receives fibers to and from the ___ and the ___ form the telencephalon | Globus and pallidus
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| Lesion of the subthalamis nuclei may cause what? | Ballism or hemiballism
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| What is ballism or hemiballism? | Forcefull flinging movements of shoulders and or hips
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| Right and left telencephalon is __ the same __ diffrent | 1. Anatomically the same 2. Functionally diffrent
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| Cerebral cortex AKA what? | Pallium
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| An underlying mass of white fibers in the telencephalon | Centrum semiovale
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| Deep within the white matter are collections of neuron cell bodies called what? | Basal ganglia
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| Largest lobe? Smallest lobe? | 1. Frontal lobe 2. Occipital lobe
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| General function of telencephelon? | 1. Final intergration of neural mechs 2. Initiation of voluntary mouvements 3. Memory and associative memory 4. Abstract thinking
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| Most abstract thinking is centered in the prefrontal region. Which areas in particular? | 1. Brodmann areas 9-12 2. Parietal lobes
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| Total surface area of diencephelon. Two thirds of this area is found where? | 1. 2.5 square feet 2. Down in the sulci
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| Thickness of the pallium? | 1.5 to 4.5 mm
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| What is thicker: the gyrus cortex or the sulcus cortex? | Gyrus cortex
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| The total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex | 100 billion
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| The neocortex, AKA ___, occupies what percent of the cerebral cortex? | 1. Isocortex 2. 90%
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| Two ancient parts that occupy 10 % of total cerebral cortex | Allocortex
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| 6 common laminae of the cerebral cortex (external to internal) | 1. Molecular Lamina 1 2. External granular 2 3. External pyramidal lamina 3 4. Internal granular 4 5. Internal pyramidal 5 6. Multiform (fusiform) lamina 6
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| Lamina 1 | Molecular or Plexiform
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| Lamina 2 | External granular
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| Lamina 3 | External pyramidal
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| Lamina 4 | Internal granular
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| Lamina 5 | Internal pyramidal
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| Lamina 6 | Multiform or Fusiform
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| Lamina located in the centrum semiovale | 6
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| Outer most lamina and nearest to the pia mater? | Molecular lamina 1
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| Lamina 1 is filled with what? | Synaptic activity
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| Small, closely packed granular neurons. Axons extend into deeper lamina of the same cortex area. | Lamina 2 : external granular layer
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| Sometimes calles the intracortical association area. | Lamina 2 : external granular layer
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| Lamina with small pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies | Lamina 3 : External pyramidal layer
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| In lamina III, axons extend out of the cortex to the ___ and then returns to gray matter of same hemisphere. | White matter
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| Intercortical association layer | Lamina III: external pyramidal layer
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| Two lamina called the associative lamina | External granular and external pyramidal
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| Specific thalamic inputs arive here in this lamina | Lamina IV: Internal granular layer
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| Lamina IV is well developed in ___ areas | Sensory areas
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| Contains large pyramidal shaped neuron cell bodies even the giant betz cells | Lamina V : Internal pyramidal layer
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| Axons project to other brain and cord centers (corticobulbar, corticospinal) | Lamina V : Internal pyramidal layer
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| Layer that has quite a mixture of incoming and outgoing fibers | Lamina 6 : Multiform layer
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| These 2 lamina are sometimes called the projection lamina | 5 and 6
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| 2 lamina where our great thinking capeabilities take place | 2 and 3
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| What is alexia? | Deficiency of reading ( number 39 lesion)
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| What is agraphia? | Deficiency of writting ( number 39 lesion)
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| Area confined to the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe | Area 4
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| No other area provides more fibers to the pyramidal system. It functions to initiate voluntary movements, epecially of the distal extermities, facial and oral musculature | Brodmann area 4
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| Giant betz cells reside in this area only | Area 4
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| The cortex of broadmann area 4 has well developed which laminas? | 5 and 6
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| Intertwined along the complex post cental gyrus of the parietal lobe is what? | Broadmann areas 1, 2 and 3
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| What is the function of area 1, 2 and 3? | Somesthetic input. Pain, thermal, deep touch, light touch, vibratory and kinesthetic input
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| Areas 1, 2 and 3 have well developed efferents from ____ and ____. Three lamina are also well developed. | 1. VPL and VPM 2. IV, V, VI
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| Since areas 1, 2 and 3 have a well developed lamina V and VI, it also contributes to what kind of fibers? | Pyramidal fibers: voluntary motor initiation
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| Two areas located just in front of area 4 and are somtimes called the premotor regions | Broadmann area 6 and 8
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| Area 6 is best known for what? | Influence on the proximal portions of our extremities (4 is our distal portion of extremities)
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| Areas 6 and 8 are also motor intitiation centers. They also contribute fibers to what? | Pyramidals
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| Brodmann area 8 does what? | Initiates voluntary movement of the eyes
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| Area number 8 stimulates upper or lower motor neurons? Which CNs are effected? | 1. Lower motor neurons 2. III, IV and VI
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| Areas 9, 10, 11 and 12 are responsible for what? | 1. Thought elaboration 2. abstract reasoning 3. imagination 4. emotions
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| Which two lamina are well developped in areas 9, 10, 11 and we? | II and III
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| Lamina II and III are called what? | Associative cortex
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| Broca's speech area is which broadmann's area? | 44
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| Afferent fibers stream into BrocaMs from these two lobes | Parietal and temporal
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| Broadmann's area 44 directs neurons from which other area? | Area 4 (works on face and oral musculature) Thse two areas work together to form speech
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| Loss of power to communicate through writting, speaking or signing. | Aphasia
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| Lesions in Broca's area may result in a condition called what? | Motor aphasia
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| Partial loss in the ability to communicate? | Dysphasia
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| What side of the brain is speech dominant in? | Left
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| The visual cortext constitutes which brodmann areas? Where is it located? | 17, 18, 19, occipital lobe
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| Which area lies within the calcarine sulcus and is the primary visual cortex? Where does it receive its input? | Area 17, lateral geniculate body
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| Area 17 had a white band running through lamina ___. Another name for area 17 is what? | 1. IV 2. Striate cortex
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| Area 18 and 19 functions | Memory storage for visual sensation
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| What may a lesion in broadmann's area 18 and 19 lead to? | An inability to correlate present images with past experiences : prosopagnosia
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| Broadmann's area known for the primary auditory cortex. Where is it located? ... It's in the superior temporal gyrus in an area called what? | 1. Area 41 2. Heschl'a area
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| An area that surrounds area 41 and extends nearly into the pareital lobe. It is known as wernicke's area. | Broadmann area 22
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| Function of Wernicke's area | 1. Formation of written word 2. Underlying structure of an utterance (also involves in hearing memory)
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| A leasion in Wernicke's area could result in a diffrent manifestation of what? | Dysphasia
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| Broadmann's areas that synthesize memory and sensation into creative function such as reading, writting and language in general | 5, 7, 39, 40
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| Areas 5, 7, 39 and 40 are found in what lobe? | Parietal
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| Lesions in area 39 (angular gyrus) may result in what dysfunctions? | 1. Alexia (reading) 2. Agraphia (writting)
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| Area thought ot be a gustatory center | 43
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| Two brodmann areas assoicated with olfaction | 34 and 28. Located in the uncus and parahippacampal gyrus respectively
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| Basal ganglia: Deep nuclei | 1. Caudate nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globus pallidus 4. Amygdaloid
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| Putamen and globus pallidus together are called what? | Lenticular nucleus
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| The caudate and the putamen nuclei are located in the what? | Neostriatum
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| Three nuclei in the corpus striatum | 1. Caudate 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus
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| Striatal lesions normally lead to what? | Dyskinesia : muscle tone disturbances
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| Three examples of striatal lesions | 1. Tremor 2. Chorea 3. Ballism
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| In huntington's chorea, the striatum begins to deteriorate and produces a deficiency of what neurotransmitter? | GABA
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| Ballism, can be the result of lesions in the subthalamic nuclei as well as the what? | Globus pallidus
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| Which 2 nuclei make up the neostriatum? | Caudate and Putamen
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| Nuclei of the corpus striatum play a mojor role in regulating what? | Movement
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| The caudate is continuous with which other nuclei by gray matter bridges? | Putamen
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| Afferent fibers come into the caudate from where? | 1. All lobes of the cortex 2. Thalamus 3. Substantia nigra 4. Putamen
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| Efferent fibers come out of the caudate to go where? | 1. Putamen 2. Globus Pallidus 3. Substantia Nigra 4. Thalamus
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| Most lateral aspect of the corpus striatal nuclei | Putamen nuclei
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| Afferents of putamen nuclei? | Same as caudate, including caudate
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| The nigrostriatal arch, an afferent fiber of the putamen, contains what? | Dopamine
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| Two nuclei that are dysfinctional in parkinsons disease? | Putamen and Caudate
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| Efferents of putamen nuclei | Same as caudate
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