microbiology
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The study of what is too small to be seen with the naked eye | Microbiology
🗑
|
||||
| 100 B.C. first to suggest that microbes exist, and may cause disease | Lucretius
🗑
|
||||
| 1673 crude microscope 300x, "microbes are everywhere" | Antony Vanleeuwenhoek
🗑
|
||||
| 300 B.C. supported the concept of spontaneous generation, living things can develop from non living matter | Aristotle
🗑
|
||||
| 1668 First person to challenge the concept of spontaneous generation, observation of maggots on meat. | Francesco Redi
🗑
|
||||
| living things can only arise from pre-existing living cells | Biogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| 1673 said "microbes must originate from spontaneous generation" | Van Leeuwenhoek
🗑
|
||||
| 1745 Challenged spontaneous generation for microbes, observation of beef broth that turned cloudy. | John Needham
🗑
|
||||
| 1765 Improved Needhams experiment, with a conclusion of biogenesis although people did not believe him | Lazzaro Spallanzani
🗑
|
||||
| 1861 Improved Spallanzani's experiment, creator of the swan neked flask, conclusion biogenesis | Louis Pasteur
🗑
|
||||
| 1860 First indirect evidence that microbes may cause disease, observation of post surgical disease | Joseph Lister
🗑
|
||||
| 1876 First direct evidence that microbes cause disease | Robert Koch
🗑
|
||||
| Showed that the bacterium, bacillus anthraces, caused the disease anthrax | Joseph Lister
🗑
|
||||
| A set of rules/criteria for establishing a link between a disease and specific microbe | Koch's Postulates
🗑
|
||||
| 1796 Creator of the first known vaccination, observation of milkmaids and smallpox | Edward Jenner
🗑
|
||||
| 1880 studied cholera in chickens, concluded exposure to some disease provided protection against the fresh and strong bacteria | Pasteur and Chamberland
🗑
|
||||
| Coined the term vaccination in honor of jenner's work | Louis Pasteur
🗑
|
||||
| 1906 developed a drug to treat syphilis called "salvarsan" a derivative of arsenic | Paul Ehrlich
🗑
|
||||
| 1928 Studied staph and accidentally discovered penicillin | Alexander Fleming
🗑
|
||||
| Most microbes are classified as either | Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
🗑
|
||||
| Before the kernel, lacks a true nucleus | Prokaryotes
🗑
|
||||
| True kernel has a true nucleus | Eukaryotes
🗑
|
||||
| Bacteria | Prokaryotes and no true nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| Fungi, algae, and protozoans | Eukaryotes and no true nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| Prokaryotic cell size | 0.2-2.0 nm in diameter
🗑
|
||||
| Cell shape Coccus | roughly spherical
🗑
|
||||
| Cell shape Bacillus | rod shaped
🗑
|
||||
| Cell shape Spirilla | rigid spirals
🗑
|
||||
| Cell shape Spirochetes | flexible spirals
🗑
|
||||
| Cell shape Vibrio | curved rod or bent
🗑
|
||||
| Cell shape Fusiform bacillus | rod shaped with tapered ends
🗑
|
||||
| Cell shape Coccobacillus | elongated spheres
🗑
|
||||
| cell arrangement Singles | cell separate and do not remain attached
🗑
|
||||
| cell arrangement Pairs | diplococcus
🗑
|
||||
| cell arrangement Chain | streptococcus
🗑
|
||||
| cell arrangement Packets of 4 cells | tetrods
🗑
|
||||
| cell arrangement Packets of 8,16, 32 cells in cubes | sarcinae
🗑
|
||||
| cell arrangement Random Clusters | Staphylococcus
🗑
|
||||
| cell arrangement Step like arrangement | palisades
🗑
|
||||
| colony characteristics are determined by | cell shape
🗑
|
||||
| Present in all prokaryotic cells that separates interior of the cells from exterior of the cells | plasma membrane
🗑
|
||||
| 2 basic components to plasma membrane | phospholipid bilayer, and proteins associated with bilayer
🗑
|
||||
| Phospholipid head | polar/hydrophilic
🗑
|
||||
| Fatty acid tails | non polar/hydrophobic
🗑
|
||||
| Functions of Plasma Membrane | site of metabolic reactions such as cellular resppiration,sence/gather information, and selectively permeable membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Passive Diffusion | movement from higher concentration (no energy required) to lower concentration, rate depends on concentration gradient.
🗑
|
||||
| Facilitated Diffusion | movement from higher concentration to lower concentration
🗑
|
||||
| Active transport | Movement from lower to higher concentration
🗑
|
||||
| An additional layer outside/exterior to the plasma membrane | cell wall
🗑
|
||||
| Cell wall | Functions are for protection, determines and maintains cell shape
🗑
|
||||
| Composed of many layers thick layers of peptidoglycan anchored by teichoic acid | Gram +
🗑
|
||||
| Composed of a relatively thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane | Gram -
🗑
|
||||
| Cells are less permeable more difficult for PCN to enter | Gram -
🗑
|
||||
| sugar shell, an additional layer outside/exterior to the cell wall not present in all prokaryotes, allows cell to attach/adhere to solid surfaces, protects cell from drying out, prevents cells from being engulfed by the immune system. Mostly polysacs | glycocalyx
🗑
|
||||
| Types of glycocalyx | Capsule= relatively thick, well organized and firmly attached to cell wall, with capsule comes disease. Slime layer= thin,not well organized and loosely attached to cell wall, typically attach to teeth.
🗑
|
||||
| Relatively short hair like extensions from the cell surface composed of a protein called pilin | Pili and Fimbriae
🗑
|
||||
| Pili | longer than fimbriae but less numerous
🗑
|
||||
| Fimbrae | shorter than pili, but more numerous
🗑
|
||||
| Relatively long hair like extensions from cell surface, usually many times the cell length | Flagella used for motility
🗑
|
||||
| Flagella | Basal body, hook, and filament
🗑
|
||||
| Motion of prokaryotic flagellum is by | rotation
🗑
|
||||
| Counterclockwise rotation of flagellum | propels cell forward "Run"
🗑
|
||||
| Clockwise rotation of flagellum | causes cell to stop or "tumble"
🗑
|
||||
| Average speed of flagellum | 2-10 body lengths per second
🗑
|
||||
| Flagellar arrangements Monotrichous | one flagellum
🗑
|
||||
| Flagellar arrangements Amphitrichous | one or more flagellum at both ends
🗑
|
||||
| Flagellar arrangements Lophotrichous | two or more flagella at one end
🗑
|
||||
| Flagellar arrangement Peritrichous | Many flagella all around
🗑
|
||||
| A mini dormant version of the cell, very resistant to harsh environments | Endospore
🗑
|
||||
| Fluid inside the cell composed primarily of water and also contains proteins, carbs, nucleic acid, salts, vitamins etc. | Cytoplasm
🗑
|
||||
| A structure composed of DNA usually a single circular DNA molecule that may contain up to 3500 genes, stores genetic info. | Nucleoid
🗑
|
||||
| Usually a small circular fragment of DNA containing 5-100 genes, instructions for protein synthesis. | Plasmids
🗑
|
||||
| Use information in nucleoid or plasmid to synthesize proteins. 2 locations free floating in the cytoplasm and associated in the plasma membrane. | Ribosomes
🗑
|
||||
| Aid the creation of proteins of fully functional proteins. Help fold or add necessary side groups to newly synthesized proteins. | Molecular Chaperons
🗑
|
||||
| Highly compacted aggregates diverse materials such as proteins glycogen, iron, phosphorus. Funtio is storage. | Granules or Inclusion Bodies
🗑
|
||||
| General differences from Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes | size, true nucleus, membrane buond organelles, complexity
🗑
|
||||
| composed of polysaccharides such as chitin, cellulose, glucan | Fungal Wall
🗑
|
||||
| Primarily composed of polyssaccharides such as cellulose, pectin | Algal Wall
🗑
|
||||
| usually lack a true exterior cell wall but may have a pellicle= composed of overlapping protein strips just inside the plasma membrane | Protozoan Wall
🗑
|
||||
| Types of Bulk transport | Exocytosis and Endocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Bulk movement out of the cell | Exocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Bulk movement into the cell. Solid materials=Phagocytosis, and liquids=pinocytosis | Endocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Double-membrane, contains DNA of the cell usually linear molecules of DNA at least 3x the amount in prokaryotic cells | Nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| Use information from DNA to synthesize proteins, free floating in the cytoplasm used to create proteins inside the cell | Ribosome
🗑
|
||||
| an irregular network of membrane bound tubules and flattened sacs, used in packaging and distribution. | Endoplasmic Reticulum
🗑
|
||||
| Has ribosomes associated which packages proteins into membrane bound vesicles for distribution in the cell | Rough E.R.
🗑
|
||||
| Contains enzymes involved in the creation and degradation of lipids. Packages lipids in membrane bound vesicle for distribution in the cell | Smooth E.R.
🗑
|
||||
| Composed of flattened sacs called cisterne, receives vesicles from the E.R. modifies the contents into membrane bound vesicles for distribution | Golgi Apparatus
🗑
|
||||
| Membrane bound vesicles that may contain proteins, carbs, iron, water with dissolved salts. Function is storage. | Vacuole
🗑
|
||||
| Ways to create Vacuoles | Protein synthesis, and Endocytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Membrane bound vesicle contains digestive enzymes. | Lysosome
🗑
|
||||
| "Power house of the cell", generation of ATP through cellular respiration | Mitochondria
🗑
|
||||
| Use energy from light to create ATP through photosynthesis. | Chloroplast
🗑
|
||||
| Fiber Types | Microfilaments, Intermidiate filaments, and Microtubules
🗑
|
||||
| Smallest fibers composed of granular protein subunits called Actin. Function maintain cell shape and create motility by pseudopodia | Microfilaments
🗑
|
||||
| Composed of fibrous twisted proteins (e.g. keratin) rope-like | Intermidiate Filaments
🗑
|
||||
| Composed of globular protein subunits called tubulin which create hollow tubelike structure, intracellular movement of oraganelles "tracks", attachment site for DNA during cell division/replication, main structural component in cilia and flagella | Microtubules
🗑
|
||||
| Function of motility. Hairlike extesions from cell surface both of these contain microtubules. Movement by undulation | Cilia and Flagella
🗑
|
||||
| Shorter than Flagella, but very numerous usually all over cell surface. (20nm) | Cilia
🗑
|
||||
| Longer than cilia, but less numerous usually one to a few at one end of the cell. (100-200nm) | Flagella
🗑
|
||||
| An increase in cell components leads to and increase in cell size which leads to increase in cell number. | Growth
🗑
|
||||
| Microbial Growth in Eukaryotes | Mitosis
🗑
|
||||
| Microbial Groth in Prokaryotes | Binary Fission
🗑
|
||||
| Steps in Binary Fission | 1)Cell creates new cell structures.2)Copies DNA which moves to opposite ends of cell.3)Cell creates new plaska membrane & creates 2 daughter cells.4)Daughter cells may separate from one another or remain attached
🗑
|
||||
| Time required to complete one round of Binary Fission | Generation time (Doubling Time)
🗑
|
||||
| Batch Culture Pattern | 1)Lag phase.2)Exponential Phase.3)Sationary Phase.4)Death Phase
🗑
|
||||
| First portion of the growth curve.Always has this phase, Cells adjust to environment, cells build new cell components,cells are reparing damage caused during cell transfer | Lag Phase
🗑
|
||||
| Period of growth with maximum rate of cell number. Cells are most uniform during this phase, best use for experiments/study | Exponential Phase
🗑
|
||||
| Period of growth with no significant change, nutrients become limited, space becomes limited, waste begins to accumulate.Endospores would be created during this phase. #of cell deaths is = to cell division. | Stationary Phase
🗑
|
||||
| Final portion of the growth phase, complete lack/depletion of nutrients, waste products become toxic to cells | Death Phase
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
Hector1006
Popular Science sets