HELUS: Grade 7, Life Science: Ch.9: The Muskuloskeletal System
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| The hard, supportive structure in our bodies is the ___ system | skeletal
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| The human body has over 200 ___ made of cells, collagen, and calcium | bones
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| The skeletal system provides ___, protection, and movement for the body | support
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| ___ vessels and nerves enter and leave through holes in bones. | Blood
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| The skull, ___, and ribs protect the brain, spinal cord, and heart and lungs,respectively. | vertebrae
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| The skeletal system provides attachment points for ___, which allow movement | muscles
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| The ___ in the middle of some bones is where blood cells are formed. | marrow
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| Bones connect at ___ | joints
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| ___, which hold bones together at joints, are flexible because they have less calcium | Ligaments
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| ___, found in ears and noses, is a flexible elastic tissue made of collagen. | Cartilage
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| ___ joints, found in fingers, elbows, and knees, allow back-and-forth movement | Hinge
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| The thumb, the only ___ joint in the body, allows a wider range of motion | saddle
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| ___-___-___ joints, such as in shoulders and hips, can rotate and move in every direction. | Ball-and-socket
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| An ___ joint, such as in knuckles, is similar to a ball-and-socket but cannot move in as many directions | ellipsoid
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| In a ___ joint, the cylindrical region of one bone fits into a ring-shaped structure ofanother joint. | pivot
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| The joint between the first two neck ___ is a pivot joint. | vertebrae
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| Two bones that connect at flat surfaces form a ___ joint, such as in ankles and wrists. | gliding
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| An ___ joint holds two bones firmly together, allowing little or no movement. | immovable
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| The ___ contains immovable joints. | skull
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| The ___ system allows the body to move. | muscular
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| Muscle tissue is made of bundles of long muscle cells called muscle ___. | fibers
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| Muscle fibers contain bundles of tubes that contain muscle ___. | filaments
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| When a muscle ___, the muscle filaments move closer to each other and the muscle shortens | contracts
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| When a muscle ___, the muscle filaments move away from each other. | relaxes
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| Muscles contract when they receive chemical signals from the ___ system | nervous
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| Muscle cells contain more ___ than other cells to produce ___ needed forcontraction. | mitochondria, energy
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| Muscles have a large network of ___ vessels that supplies them with oxygen for cellular ___. | blood, respiration
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| Muscles can be either voluntary or ___. | involuntary
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| A voluntary muscle, such as those in hands, arms, and legs, is one you can ___. | control
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| An involuntary muscle, such as the heart or ___, works without you having to thinkabout it. | stomach
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| Muscle cells form three types of muscle ___ in the human body. | tissue
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| ___ muscle tissue causes movement. | Skeletal
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| Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the ___. | heart
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| ___ muscle tissue, found in internal organs such as your stomach and blood vessels, ___ contracts and relaxes. | Smooth, slowly
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| The muscular system must interact with the skeletal system to produce ___. | movement
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| ___ connect bones to muscles and do not stretch as much as ligaments. | Tendons
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| Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage are all ___ tissue. | connective
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| The body moves through ___ and extension. | flexion
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| In flexion, the bending of a limb ___ the angle between the bones of the limb. | decreases
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| In ___, the limb straightens and increases the angle between bones of the limb. | extension
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| The ___ system works to move the body. | musculoskeletal
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| A ___ is a simple machine made of anything rigid that pivots around a fixed point. | lever
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| The ___ is the fixed point around which a lever pivots. | fulcrum
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| The ancient Greek mathematician ___ (287-212 B.C.) first described levers. | Archimedes
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| Three ___ of levers are determined by location of the fulcrum, load, and applied force. | classes
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| ___ force is the force needed to move an object over a distance. | Effort
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| ___ force is the force that opposes the effort force. | Resistance
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| The ___ the effort force is to the fulcrum, the more effort force it will take to use the lever. | closer
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| The closer the resistance force is to the fulcrum, the ___ resistance force it will take. | less
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| In a ___-___ lever, the resistance force and the effort force are on opposite sides of the fulcrum. A ___-___, pliers, and scissors are examples of these. | first-class, see-saw
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| In a second-class lever, the ___ force is between the fulcrum and the effort force. ___ ___ are examples of these. | resistance, Wheel barrows
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| In a third-class lever, the effort force is between the resistance force and the ___. ___ ___, shovels, and rakes are examples of these. | fulcrum, Baseball bats
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| Although ___-___ levers require more effort force, they are the most common levers in the body. | third-class
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| First- and second-class levers could perform the same task using ___ force. | less
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| ___-___ levers make a much better arrangement for muscle attachment. | Third-class
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| In biceps, a ___-___ lever would require a counter-balance if the pivot point was theelbow. | first-class
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| In biceps, a second-class lever would require that muscles attach at the ___ if the pivot point was the elbow. | fingers
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| ___ are used to lift heavy objects or to move objects faster and farther. | Levers
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| ___ ___ is the ability of a machine to increase the amount of force put into the machine. | Mechanical advantage
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| Mathematically, mechanical advantage (MA) is the ___ of the resistance force (FR) to theeffort force (FE). | ratio
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| First- and second-class levers, such as see-saws and car jacks, make it easier to ___ heavy objects. | lift
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| Third-class levers, such as baseball bats, make it easier to move objects ___ and faster. | farther
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| Arrangements of muscles and bones in your body function in the same way as mechanical___. | levers
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| In our bodies, multiple bones and joints act as levers and fulcrums, and muscles provide___. | force
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| ___ in your legs and arms allow you to move farther and faster. | Levers
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| The ___ of levers in the body affects body strength. | length
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| In activities such as arm wrestling or gymnastics, ___ men and women have a natural advantage because the effort force and resistance force are closer together. | shorter
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