OBI Drugs Exam 3
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Penicillin G | beta-lactam that inhibits PBP; by injection only
covers anaerobes but not Gram -
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| Penicillin V | beta-lactam that inhibits PBP; given orally
covers anaerobes but not Gram -
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| Amoxicillin | extended spectrum beta-lactam; improved Gram - coverage
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| Ampicillin | extended spectrum beta-lactam, take around meals; improved Gram - coverage
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| Clavulanic acid | beta-lactamase inhibitor, used in combination with other beta-lactams; extends spectrum of penicillins to include more Gram -
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| Cephalexin | inhibits cross-linking by PBPs; good for odontogenic infects, covers Gram +, Gram - and anaerobes
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| Doxycycline | binds to 30S ribosomal subunit to stop addition of next amino acid by prohibiting tRNA from binding; antibiotic of choice for intracellular and spirochetes
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| Clindamycin | binds to 50S ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of next amino acid; covers Gram + and anaerobes
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| Azithromycin | binds to 50S ribosomal subunit and stalls translocation by blocking exit tunnel; covers Gram + and intracellular bacteria, IE prophylaxis
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| Moxifloxacin | binds to topoisomerase and fragments DNA; bactericidal, used for respiratory infections with Strep pneumonia and Mycoplasma
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| Metronidazole | fragments DNA, narrow spectrum; anaerobic infections and C. diff
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| Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim | deplete folate and synthesis of nucleic acids; fragments DNA, narrow spectrum, bactericidal, covers UTIs, pneumonia, community-acquired MRSA
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| Regular insulin | translocation of GLUT4 receptors to cell surface; fast-acting, peaks in 2-4 hours
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| Glimepride and Nateglinide | blocks ATP-dependent K channels to make more insulin; T2DM add-on therapy
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| Metformin | lowers hepatic glucose production by lowering glucagon; T2DM first-line therapy and oral cancers
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| Acarbose | inhibits alpha-glucosidase so carbohydrates are not absorbed by brush border in intestine; T1&2DM, lowers glucose levels after meals
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| Pioglitazone | 'insulin sensitizer'; increases GLUT4 receptors in muscle and adipose tissue and lowers glucagon in liver
-also stores FFA's via PPAR
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| Sitaglipin | prolongs GLP-1 action to promote first phase insulin secretion during meals
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| Canagliflozin | blocks SGLT2 in kidney to block glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule
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| Phenytoin | selective Na-channel blocker; treats all seizures except absence, gingival overgrowth
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| Carbamazepine | selective Na-channel blocker; treats tonic-clonic, focal, and trigeminal neuralgia
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| Valproic Acid | Na-channel blocker, weak Ca-channel blocker; multiple seizure disorder, migraines, bipolar disorder
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| Ethosuximide | Ca-channel blocker in thalamus; only treats absence seizures, causes bone marrow depression
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| Levetiracetam | binds to SV2A so vesicles not released by presynaptic neurons; treats tonic-clonic and focal seizures
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| Pregabalin | decreases expression of presynaptic Ca channels; treats focal seizures and chronic pain disorders
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| Paclitaxel | promotes microtubule polymerization so cells are arrested in mitosis; cancer drug that is inactivated by CYP450s
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| Doxorubicin | inhibits topoisomerase II to fragment DNA; useful for blood cancers and solid tumors but generates ROS's
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| Cyclophosphamide | alkylates cell components to damage DNA; used for cancers and transplant rejections (CYP450)
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| Methotrexate | inhibits DHFR to block tetrahydrofolate for nucleotide synthesis; used for cancers, arthritis, psoriasis but highly protein bound and displaced by phenytoin and sulfonamides
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| 5-Fluorouracil | inhibits RNA function and pyrimidine formation; cancer drug
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| Tamoxifen | inhibitor and partial agonist of estrogen receptor; for ER+ breast cancers
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| Anastrozole | inhibits aromatase that makes estradiol for ER+ breast cancers
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| Leuprolide | resembles RnRH cousing surge in LH/FSH and decrease in testosterone; treats prostate cancer
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| Cisplatin | cross-links and alkylates DNA; primary drug for treatment of lung cancer
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| Trastuzumab | antibody fragment that disrupts HER-2/neu, a receptor that develops in cancers after first line therapy
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| Ipilimumab | blocks CTLA4 to activate cytotoxic T-cells; inhibits tumor growth, melanoma but very expensive
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| Teriparatide | N-terminal of PTH, increases osteoblast activity; high fracture-risk patients
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| Alondronate | BP, disrupts osteoclasts; oral, for osteoporosis
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| Zoledronic Acid | BP, disrupts osteoclasts; by injection only and more potent, for bone metastases
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| Denosumab | mimics OPG that prevents RANKL from binding to RANK and activating osteoclasts; used for bone metastases pain and hypercalcemia
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| L-DOPA:carbidopa | dopamine supplement, crosses BBB; treatment of Parkinson's disease
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| Pramipexole | dopamine agonist; for mild PD or adjunctive
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| Entacapone | COMT inhibitor, reduces degradation of L-DOPA in periphery so more can get to CNS for PD
-caution with epinephrine
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| Selegiline | irreversible MAO-B inhibitor, reduces dopamine degradation in CNS
-caution with epinephrine
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| Olanzapine/Clozapine | 2nd generation antipsychotics; alleviates positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia with fewer side effects
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| Chlorpromazine/Halopendol | 1st generation antipsychotics; alleviates more positive symptoms with many adverse effects
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| Diazepam, Triazolam, Midazolam | bind GABA receptor to open Cl channel and inhibit cell transmission; conscious sedation, insomnia, anxiety
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| Flumazenil | competitive inhibitor of BDZs; reversal of BDZ sedation and overdose
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| Escitalopram | SSRI; treats depression and anxiety
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| Fluoxetine | SSRI with some norepinephrine reuptake inhibition; treats depression, OCD, panic disorder
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| Bupropion | atypical antidepressant, inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake; no serotonergic effects, treats depression and nicotine withdrawal
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| Mirtazapine | atypical antidepressant, blocks alpha-2 adrenergic, H1 histaminergics and serotonin reuptake; antidepressant without serotonergic effects
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| Amitryptiline | TCA, blocks serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, Na, alpha-1, H1 and M1 channels; treats depression and neuropathic pain
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| Cimetidine, birth control, Verapamil, Diltiazem, anti-fungals, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin | inhabited BDZ metabolism
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| Anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, St. John's Wort | induce BDZ metabolism
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