neuroanatomy for biological psychology
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| Ablation | removal of a structure
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| Anterior commissure | set of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres; smaller than the corpus callosum
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| Autonomic nervous system | set of neurons that regulates functioning of the internal organs
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| Basal ganglia | set of subcortical forebrain structures lateral to the hypothalamus, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
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| Bell-Magendie law | observation that the dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry sensory information and that the ventral roots carry motor information toward the muscles and glands (SAD MEV)
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| Binding problem | question of how the visual, auditory, and other areas of the brain influence one another to produce a combined perception of a single object
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| Brainstem | hindbrain, midbrain, and posterior central structures of the forebrain
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| Central canal | fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord
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| Central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord
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| Central sulcus | large groove in the surface of the primate cerebral cortex, separating frontal from parietal cortex
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| Cerebellum | highly convoluted structure in the hindbrain
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| Cerebral cortex | outer covering of the cerebellum
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| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | liquid similar to blood serum, found in the ventricles of the brain and in the central canal of the spinal cord
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| Computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan) | method of visualizing a living brain by injecting a dye into the blood and then passing x-rays through the head and recording them by detectors on the other side
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| Corpus callosum | large set of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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| Cranial nerves | part of a set of nerves controlling sensory and motor information of the head, connecting to nuclei in the medulla, pons, midbrain, or forebrain
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| Delayed-response task | assignment in which stimulus appears briefly, and the individual must respond to the remembered stimulus after a brief delay
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| Dorsal | located toward the back, away from the ventral (stomach) side
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| Dorsal root ganglia | set of sensory neuron somata on the dorsal side of the spinal cord
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| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | device that measures the brain's electrical activity through electrodes on the scalp
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| Evoked potentials or evoked responses | electrical activity of the brain in response to a stimulus, as recorded from the scalp
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| Forebrain | most anterior part of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and other structures
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| Frontal lobe | section of cerebral cortex extending from the central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain, containing the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex
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| Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | modified version of MRI that measures energies released by hemoglobin molecules in an MRI scan and then determines the brain areas receiving the greatest supply of blood and oxygen
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| Gene-knockout approach | use of biochemical methods to direct a mutation to a particular gene that is important for certain types of cells, transmitters, or receptors
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| Gray matter | areas of the nervous system with a high density of cell bodies and dendrites, with few myelinated axons
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| Hindbrain | most posterior part of the brain, including the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
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| Hippocampus | large forebrain structure between the thalamus and cortex; named for its sea-horse shape
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| Hypothalamus | forebrain structure near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus
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| Inferior colliculus | swelling on each side of the tectum in the midbrain
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| Klüver-Bucy syndrome | condition in which monkeys with damaged temporal lobes fail to display normal fears and anxieties
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| Lamina (pl.: laminae) | layer of cell bodies parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from other laminae by layers of fibers
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| Lesion | damage to a structure
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| Limbic system | forebrain areas traditionally regarded as critical for emotion; form a border around the brainstem, including the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex, and several other smaller structures
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | method of imaging a living brain by using a magnetic field and a radio frequency field to make atoms with odd atomic weights all rotate in the same direction and then removing those fields and measuring the energy that the atoms release
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| Magnetoencephalograph (MEG) | device that measures the faint magnetic fields generated by the brain's activity
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| Medulla | hindbrain structure located just above the spinal cord; the medulla could be regarded as an enlarged, elaborated extension of the spinal cord
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| Meninges | membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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| Midbrain | middle part of the brain, including superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, tectum, and tegmentum
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| Neuroanatomy | anatomy of the nervous system
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| Nucleus basalis | area on the dorsal surface of the forebrain; a major source of axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex
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| Occipital lobe | posterior (caudal) section of the cerebral cortex
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | system of nerves that facilitate vegetative, nonemergency responses by the body's organs
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| Parietal lobe | section of the cerebral cortex between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus
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| Peripheral nervous system | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
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| Phrenology | pseudoscience that claimed a relationship between skull anatomy and behavioral capacities
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| Pituitary gland | endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus
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| Pons | hindbrain structure, anterior and ventral to the medulla
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| Positron-emission tomography (PET) | method of mapping activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals
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| Postcentral gyrus | gyrus of the cerebral cortex just posterior to the central gyrus; a primary projection site for touch and other body sensations
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| Prefrontal cortex | anterior portion of the frontal lobe of the cortex, which responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal the need for a movement
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| Prefrontal lobotomy | surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain
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| Primate | order of mammals that includes humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and others
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| Raphe system | group of neurons in the pons and medulla whose axons extend throughout much of the forebrain
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| Reticular formation | network of neurons in the medulla and other parts of the brainstem; the descending portion controls motor areas of the spinal cord; the ascending portion selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas
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| Sham lesion | control procedure for an experiment, in which an investigator inserts an electrode into a brain but does not pass a current
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| Somatic nervous system | nerves that convey messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to muscles and glands
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| Spinal cord | part of the CNS found within the spinal column; it communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
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| Stereotaxic instrument | device for the precise placement of electrodes in the head
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| Substantia nigra | midbrain area that gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway
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| Superior colliculus | swelling on either side of the tectum, responsible for certain aspects of vision, including eye movements
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| Sympathetic nervous system | network of nerves that prepare the body's organs for vigorous activity
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| Tectum | roof of the midbrain
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| Tegmentum | intermediate level of the midbrain
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| Temporal lobe | lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the temples
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| Thalamus | structure in the center of the forebrain
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| Transcranial magnetic stimulation | application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to influence the neurons below the magnet
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| Ventral | located toward the stomach, away from the back (dorsal) side
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| Ventricle | any of the four fluid-filled cavities in the brain
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| White matter | area of the nervous system consisting mostly of myelinated axons
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