BB 451 redox/oxy
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| oxidative phosphorylation definition | the process by which energy derived from a series of oxidation/reduction reactions (that use NADH as electron donor and oxygen as ultimate electron acceptor) is used to phosphorylate ADP
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| what does the matrix of the mitochondria contain | pyruvate DH, most CAC enzymes, and other enzymes
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| what does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain | electron transport system, ATP synthase complexes and specific carrier proteins called antiporters and synporters; impermeable to all molecules not carried by transporter protein
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| outer membrane of mitochondria | permeable to most small molecules due to channel proteins called porins
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| cristae of mitochondria | invaginations that serve to increase surface area of inner membrane
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| intermembrane space | dlectrochemically distinc from matrix (because inner membrane is impermeable); electrochemically equivalent to cytosol (because of porins)
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| reducing equivalent | designates a single electron equivaltent in a redox reaction
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| types of redox reactions | 1.direct electron transfer-transfer of e- between metal ions 2.transfer in the form of H atom-flavin linked DHs such as succinate DH 3.electron transfer in the form of hydride ion; NAD-linked DHs such as malate DH 4.replacement of CC or CH with CO,CS,CN
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| standard reduction potential | a measure of a compounds propensity to donate electrons. Eo, which is measure using molecular hydrogen (H2) as the reference standard
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| how is standard reduction potential measured | measuring the voltage difference between a H half cell and a half cell containing a 1M solution of the test compound and its conjugate oxidized form
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| Eo<0 | if test compound donates electrons more readily than H2, electrons will flow from test cell to reference cell (the voltage will be negative)
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| Eo>0 | test compound donates its electrons less readily than H2, electrons flow from reference cell to test cell (the voltage will be positive)
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| lower Eo | the lower the Eo the greater the tendency to lose electrons
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| reclinamonas | all present day mitochondria contain a subset of the genes present in reclinamonas mitochondria
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| what does the ETS consist of | 4 multiprotein respiratory complexes and two carriers that shuttle reducing equivalents between the complexes
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| ETS complex 1 (NADH-Q oxidoreductase) | 34 subunits, oxidizes NADH, reduces coenzyme A; prosthetic groups are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and iron-sulphur (Fe-S) clusters, pumps 4 protons
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| ETC complex 2 (Succinate-Q reductase) | 4 subunits, oxidizes succinate, reduces Q, prosthetic groups are flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD) and FE-S clusters, does not pump protons
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| ETS complex 3 (Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase) | 10 subunits, oxidizes Q, reduces cytochrome; prosthetic groups are Fe-S clusters, Q, and hemes bH, bL and c1 (Fe-containing porphorin rings) pumps 2 protons
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| ETS complex 4 (Cytochrome c oxidatase) | 10 subunits, oxidizes CytC, reduces 02; prosthetic groups are hemes a and a3 and copper-containing porpherin rings CuA and CuB, pumps 4 protons
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| Coenzyme Q | hydrophobic compound that diffuses freely in lipid bilayer, fully reduced form (QH2) carries 2 reducing equivalents, shuttles reducing equivalents from complex 1&2 to complex 3
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| cytochrome C | small soluble protein loosely associated with cytosolic side of inner membrane; heme prosthetic group; shuttles one elctron at a time to complex 4
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| ATP synthase complex | complex acts like turbine, a,b2, sigma, alpha and beta subunit stationary, and the co ring and attached gamma and epsilon subunits rotate
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| what does the beta subunit bind | adenine nucleotides, has ATPase activity and is the site of ATP synthesis
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