CH 2 & 3 Vocab
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass
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| Mass | The quantity of matter an object has
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| Elements | Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter
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| Atom | The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element
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| Nucleus | The central region makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of 2 kinds of subatomic particles (proton & neuron)
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| Proton | Subatomic particle, positively charge, in the nucleus
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| Atomic # | # of protons in an atom
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| Mass # | Mass of an atom is equal to the total # of protons and neutrons of an atom
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| Electrons | Balances out the equal # of positive protons, negatively charged particles
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| Orbital | A 3 dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron
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| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different # of neutrons
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| Compounds | Made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions
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| Chemical Bonds | The attractive forces that hold atoms together
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| Covalent Bond | Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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| Molecule | Simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free
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| Ion | Atom or molecule with an electrical charge
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| Ionic Bond | Positive and negative charges attracting eachother
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| Energy | The ability to do work
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| Chemical Reaction | One or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
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| Reactants | Shown on the left side of an equation
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| Products | Shown on the right side of a reaction
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| Metabolism | Describes all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
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| Activation Energy | Amount of energy needed to start a reaction
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| Catalysts | Certain chemical substances reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place
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| Enzyme | A protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed
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| Redox Reactions | Reactions in which electrons are transferred between attoms (oxidation-reduction reactions)
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| Oxidation Reaction | A reactant loses one or more electrons (becomes positive)
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| Reduction reaction | A reactant that gains one or more electrons (becomes negative)
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| Polar |
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| Hydrogen Bond | The force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge
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| Cohesion | An attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together
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| Adhesion | The attractive force between 2 particles of different substances
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| Capillarity | The attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid
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| Solution | A mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
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| Solute | A substance dissolved in the solvent (sugar)
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| Solvent | The substance in which the solute is dissolved (water)
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| Concentration | The amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution
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| Saturated Solution | Where no more solute (sugar) can dissolve
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| Aqueous Solutions | Water is the solvent-are universally important to living things
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| Hydroxide Ion | OH- ion
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| Hydronium Ion | H3O+
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| Acid | The solution if the # of of hydronium ions (H3O+) in a solution is greater than the # of hydroxide ions
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| Base | Solution where there's more hydroxide ions (OH-) than hydronium ions (H30+)
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| pH Scale | Compares the relative concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions
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| Buffers | Chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution
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| Organic Compounds | One of the categories for compounds. Made primarily of carbon atoms (not water)
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| Functional Groups | In organic compounds, cluster of atoms influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and chemical reactions the molecules undergo
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| Monomers | Smaller, simpler compounds molecules that built up carbon compounds
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| Polymer | A molecule that consists of repeated, linked units
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| Macromolecules | Large polymers (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids)
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| Condensation Reaction | Where monomers link to form polymers
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| Hydrolysis | Reaction where water is used to break down down a polymer
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| Adenosine |
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| Carbohydrates | Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom
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| Monosaccharide | Monomer carbohydrate (simple sugar) contains carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
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| Disaccharide |
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| Polysaccharide | A complex molecule composed of 3 or monosaccharides
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| Proteins | Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
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| Amino Acids | Linkage of monomers that form proteins
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| Peptide Bond | A covalent bond formed from 2 amino acids
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| Polypeptides | Long chains formed from amino acids
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| Substrate | The reactant being catalyzed
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| Active Site | Folds in the enzyme with a shape that allows the substrate to fit into the active site
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| Lipids | Large, nonpolar organic molecules (don't dissolve in water)
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| Triglycerides | Lipid
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| Fatty Acids | Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
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| Phospholipids | Have 2 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol
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| Wax | A type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
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| Steroid | Composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
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| Nuclear Acids | Very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important info in the cell
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Contains info that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities
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| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Stores and transfers info from DNA thats essential for the mana factoring of proteins
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| Nucleotide | Made of 3 components: a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, & ring shaped nitrogenous base
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