Chapter 5 - Standard Esthetics
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| The study of the functions and activities peformed by the body's structures | physiology
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| The study of body structures that can be seen by the naked eye, and what they are made up of | anatomy
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| The science of the minute strctures of organic tissues | histology
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| The basic unit of all living things; responsible for carrying on all living life processes | cell
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| A colorless, jelly-like substance in which food elements are present, i.e. proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts & water | protoplasm
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| All protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus | cytoplasm
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| Structure that encloses protoplasm | cell membrane
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| Dense protoplasm found in the center of the cell | nucleus
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| Cells divide into two identical cells are called... | daughter cells
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| Cells reproduce by a process known as... | mitosis
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| Constructive metabolism, in which larger molecules are built from smaller ones | anabolism
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| The phase of metabolism in which complex compounds a broken down into smaller ones is called | catabolism
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| Supplies oxygen to the blood | lungs
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| Removes toxic products of digestion | liver
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| Excrete water and waste products | kidneys
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| Digests food | stomach
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| Circulates blood | heart
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| Separates muscles | facia
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| What are the eleven major body systems? | CirculatoryDigestiveEndocrineExcretoryIntegumentaryMuscularNervousReproductiveRespiratorySkeletalLymphatic/Immune
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| The tissue that supports, protects and binds together other tissues of the body is | Connective tissue
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| Bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, facia and fat or adipose are examples of what type of tissue? | Connective tissue
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| A protective covering on the body surfaces. | Epithelial tissue
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| Protein fibers also located in the connective tissue are | Collagen and elastin
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| Contracts and moves the various parts of the body. | Muscular tissue
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| Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions. | Nerve tissue
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| Nerve tissue is composed of special cells which make up the nerves, brain and spinal cord. | Neurons
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| A rod-shaped organelle. | Centrioles
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| A membrane-enclosed organelle; sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. | mitochrondria
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| A specialized sub-unit within a cell that has a specific function. | organelle i.e. little organ
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| A collection of similar cells that perform a particular funcion. | tissue
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| Groups of tissues designed to perform a specific function. | organs
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| Controls the steady circulation of the eblood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels | circulatory system
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| Changes food into nutrients and wastes; consistes of mouth, stomach, intestines, salivary and gastric gland, and other organs | digestive
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| Affects the growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body; consists of specialized glands. | endorcrine
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| Purfies the body by the elimanation of waste matter; consists of kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, and lungs | excretory
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| Serves as a protective covering and helps in regulating the body's temperature; consistes of skin, accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails. | integumenary (6-8 lbs weight)
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| Covers, shapes and supports the skeleton tissue, also contracts and moves various parts of the body; consists of muscles. | muscular
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| Controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently; consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. | nervous
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| Responsible for processes by which plants and animals produce offspring. | reproductive
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| Enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen, and eliminating carbon dioxide as a waste product; consits of lungs and air passages. | respiratory
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| Physical foudation of the body; consists of the bones and movable and immovable joints. | skeletal
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| Protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms | lymphatic or immune
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| A rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached. | skeleton
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| How are muscles connected to bone? | tendons
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| How are bones connected to bones? | ligaments
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| Several types of bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) to give the bone strenth is what? | bone tissue
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| Collagenous fibers and gound substance give what to the bone? | flexibility
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| What system gives shape and support to the body and protects various internal structures and vital organs? | skeletal
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| Serves as attachment for muscles and act as levers to produce body movement | skeletal system
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| Helps produce both white and red blood cells; stores most of the body's calcium supply as wells as phosphorus, magnesium and sodium | skeletal system
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| What is one function of bone marrow? | produce red and white blood cells
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| The connection between two or more bones of the skeleton is called a what? | joint
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| These are movable, such as elbows, knees and hips; and immovable, such as the pelvis or skull, which allow little or no movement. | What are the two types of joints?
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| The human head contains how many bones and these are divided into how many groups? | 22 bones; the cranium and facial bones.
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| How many bones form the cranium? | 8 bones
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| How many bones form the face? | 14 bones
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| Name the 8-bones of the cranium... | occipital, 2-parietal, frontal, 2-temporal, ethmoid, and sphenoid
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| occipital bone | The hindmost bone of the skull that forms the back of the skull above the nape.
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| 2-parietal bones | Form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium.
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| frontal bone | Forms the forehead.
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| 2-temporal bones | Form the sides of the head in the ear region.
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| ethmoid | The light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.
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| sphenoid | Joins all the bones in the cranium together.
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| Name the 14-bones of the face. | 2-nasal, 2-lacrimal, 2-zygomatic (malar bones), 2-maxillary, mandible, 2-turbinal, vomer, 2-palatine bones.
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| nasal bones | Form the bridge of the nose.
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| The smallest and most fragile bones of the face; situated at the front inside part of the eye socket. | lacrimal
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| Which bones form the prominence of the cheeks; cheekbones | zygomatic
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| This bone forms the upper jaw. | maxillary
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| This bone forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face. | mandibular
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| The thin layered spongy bone on either side of the outer walls of the nasal depression | turbinal (aka) nasal conchae
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| The flat, thin bone that forms the part of the nasal septum. | vomer
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| These form the hard palate of the mouth. | palatine
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| A U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue. | hyoid
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| What does the hyoid bone support? | The tongue and its muscles.
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| The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region are the what? | cervical vertebrae
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| How many cervical vertebrae are there? | 7-vertebrae
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| An elastic, bony cage that acts as a protective framework for the heart, lungs and other internal organs. | thorax
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| The thorax is made up of what? | the sternum (breastbone), spine, 12-pairs of ribs, and connective cartilage.
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| A flat bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle and rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is in movement | the clavicle or collar bone
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| A flat bone, roughly triangular in shape that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). | the scapula or shoulder blade
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| The uppermost and largest bone of the arm. | humerous
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| The inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger. | ulna
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| The smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb. | radius
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| A flexible joint held together by ligaments to form the wrist. | carpus
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| Name the number of bones in the carpus? | 8-carpals
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| Consists of five long, slender bones in the palm of the hand. | Metacarpus
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| Name the bones of the fingers. | phalanges
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| How many bones are in the fingers? | 3-bones in each finger, and 2-bones in each thumb (totaling 14-bones).
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| muscular system | Covers, shapes and supports the skeletal tissue.
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| How many muscles does the human body have? | over 600
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| Approximately what is the percent of the body's weight do muscles make up? | 40 percent
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| How many muscles of the body are found in the face? | 30 facial muscles
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| What are muscles? | Fibrous tissues that are able to stretch and contract according to the body's movements.
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| Name the 3-types of muscular tissue: | Striated, nonstriated and cardiac muscle.
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| Striated muscles are also called what? | Skeletal or voluntary muscles.
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| These "striped" muscles are attached to the bones and make of a large percentage of body mass. | Striated or skeletal muscles.
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| Involuntary, visceral (interal), or smooth muscles are called what? | nonstriated
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| Which muscles function automatically, without conscious will as some of the interanl organs of the body? | nonstriated
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| A type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart and is one of three major types of muscle tissue. | Cardiac muscle
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| Shares similarities with skeletal muscle with regard to its striated appearance and contraction, with both differing significantly from smooth muscle cells. | Cardiac muscle
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| The cardiac muscle is under control of which system. | ANS (autonomic nervous system)
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| The part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, maintaining homeostasis in the body. | ANS (autonomic nervous system)
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| Affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal: most of its actions are involuntary, some, such as breathing, work in tandem with the conscious mind. | ANS (autonomic nervous system)
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| The body's ability to regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment and the weather. | homeostasis
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| Name the 3-parts fo the muscle. | origin, insertion and the belly
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| What is the part of the muscle that does not move? | origin
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| The moveable attachment of the muscle that effects contractions and can be seen. | insertion
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| The middle part of the muscle. | belly
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| Pressure in massage is usually directed from... | the insertion to the orgin
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| Name how muscular tissue can be stimulated. | a) massage, b) electrical current, c) light rays, d) heat rays, e) moist heat, f) nerve impulses, and g) chemicals
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| Name the muscles of the scalp. | a) epicranious, b) occipitalis, c) frontalis, d) aponeurosis
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| A broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the frontalis and occipitalis | epicranious
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| The muscle at the back of the epicranious that draws the scalp backward. | occiptalis
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| The muscle positioned at anterior portion of the epicranious that raises the eybrows, draws the scalp foreward and causes wrinkles across the forhead. | frontalis
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| Layers of flat broad tendons connecting the occipitalis and frontalis; stabalizes. | aponeurosis
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| The muscle above the ear that drawes the ear upward. | auricularis superior
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| The moveable attachment of the muscle that effects contractions and can be seen. | insertion
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| The muscle in the front of the ear that draws the ear forward | auricularis anterior
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| The muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward | auricularis posterior
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| A broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin. | platysma
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| The muscles that coordinate in opening and closing the mouth and are sometimes referred to as "chewing" muscles. | masseter temporalis
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| The muscle responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip | platysma
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| The muscle extending from along side of the neck from the ear to the collar bone. | sternocleidomastoideus
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| The muscle that rotates the head from side to side and up and down. | sternocleidomastoideus
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| The muscle located beneath the frontalis and obicularis oculi; draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically. | corrugator
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| The ring muscle of the eye socket; it closes the eyes | orbicularis oculi
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| The only muscle attached to the nose; lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose. | procerus
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| The thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in blowing a whistle. | buccinator (bucc = cheek)
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| A muscle surrounding the lower lip that depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side | depressor labii inferioris (aka) quadratus labii inferioris
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| A muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws in inward. | levator anguli oris (aka) caninus
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| A muscle surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostril, as in expressing distaste. | levator labii superioris (aka) quadratus labii superioris
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| A muscle surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostril, as in expressing distaste. | levator labii superioris (aka) quadratus labii superioris
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| The muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin | mentalis
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| The flat band around the upper and lower lips that compress, contract, pucker, and wrinkles the lips as in kissing. | obicularis oris
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| The muscle that draws the corner of the mouth out and back as in grinning | risorius
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| The muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth | triangularis
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| Muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevate the lips, as in laughing | zygomaticus major and minor
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| A large, flat, triangular muscle that covers the lower back; from the lower half of the vertebrae column and iliac crest (hip bone) and attaches to the front of the upper part of the humerous | lattisiums dorsi (lats)
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| Musles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm | pectoralis major and minor (pects)
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| A muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm. | serratus anterior
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| Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back: shrugs shoulders and stabalizes the scapula. | trapezius (traps)
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| Muscles that produce contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; they lift the forearm, flex the elbow and turn the palms downward | biceps
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| A large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body. | deltoid
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| A large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm | triceps
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| Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line | extensors
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| Extensors of the wrist, are involved in bending the wrist | flexors
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| Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward | pronators
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| Muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward | supinator
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| An system that is responsible for coordinating activities performed by the body. | nervous system
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| What are the over 100 billion nerve cells that cover the entire human body called? | neurons
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| What are the principal components of the nervous system? | brain, spinal cord and the nerves
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| The primary controls center of the nevous system. | central nervous system (CNS)
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| The main function of this system is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs; it is not protected by bone or by the blood-brain barrier, leaving it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries | peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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| This system controls consciousness and all mental activities, voluntary functions and muscle actions, incl. all body movements and facial expressions | central nervous system (CNS)
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| Connects the outer parts of the body, i.e. muscles and glands, to the CNS; carries impulses, or messages to and from the CNS. | peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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| Causes us to react to our external environment; from the efferent peripherial system | somatic nervous system
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| Causes the internal regulation of impulses from the CNS to smooth muscles; from the efferent peripherial system | autonomic nervous system
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| Nervous system that is considered involuntary | ANS (autonomic nervous system)
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| Organs affected by the ANS are considered involuntary and receive nerve cells or fibers from these two divisions | sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| Stimulates and speeds up activity and prepares the body for stressful situations; slows the digestive system | sympathetic
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| Operates under normal, nonstressfull conditions and helps restore and slow down activity, thus keeping the body in balance | parasympathetic
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| How many pairs of spinal nerves extend from the spinal cord and are distributed to the muscles and skin of the trunk and limbs? | 31-pairs
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| The primary structural unit of the nervous system; is composed of a cell body and nucleus | neuron or nerve cell
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| Nerve fibers that extend from the nerve cell that receive impulses from other neurons. | dendrites
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| Sends impulses away from the cell body to other neurons | axon
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| Nerves that carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain; touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure | sensory or afferent nerves
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| These nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers and have the ability to send and recieve messages. | mixed nerves
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| An automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor. | reflex
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| Organs affected by the ANS are considered involuntary and receive nerve cells or fibers from these two divisions | sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| Which nerves activate the muscles and sensory structure of the head and neck, including skin, membranes, eyes and ears | cranial nerves
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| How many cranial nerves are there? | 12-cranial nerves
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| Which is the largest cranial nerve? | fifth cranial nerve (aka) trifacial or trigeminal
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| The chief sensory nerve of the face that serves as the motor neve of the muscles of the mouth that control chewing | fifth cranial nerve (aka) trifacial or trigeminal
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| Name the three branches of the fifth cranial nerve. | 1) opthalmic, 2) mandibular, and 3) maxillary
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| Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull | auriculotemporal
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| Nerve that affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth | infraorbital
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| Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose | infratrochlear
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| Nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin | mental nerve
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| Nerve that affects the point of the lower side of the nose | nasal
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| Nerve that affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow and upper eyelid | supraorbital
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| Nerve that affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose | supratrochlear
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| Nerve that affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek/molar. | zygomatic
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| The chief motor nerve of the face is this nerve; emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the face and muscles of the neck. | seventh (facial) cranial nerve
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| Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth | buccal
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| Nerve that affects the side of the neck and the platysma muscle | cervical
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| Nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip | mandibular nerve
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| Nerve that affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull | posterior auricular
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| Nerve that affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid and upper part of the cheek | temporal nerve
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| Nerve that affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek | zygomatic
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| Nerve located at the side of the neck; affects front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone. | cervical cutaneous
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| Nerve located at the side of the neck; affects face, ears, neck and parotid gland | greater auricular nerve
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| Nerve located in the back of the head; affects the scalp and as far up as the top of the head | greater occipital nerve
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| Nerve located at the base of the skull; affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear | smaller (lesser) occipital nerve
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| A sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers | digital nerve
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| A sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand | radial nerve
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| A smaller sensory-nerve that, with its branches, supplies the arm and hand | median
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| A sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand | ulnar nerve
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| The cardiovascular or vascular system that controls steady circulation to the blood thru the body by means of the heart and blood vessels (veins and arteries) | circulatory system
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| Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body. | vascular system
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| The body's pump; muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps blood moving w/ in the circulatory system; beats 72 - 80 times per minute, weighs approx. 9 oz, and is located in the chest cavity. | heart
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| Membrane that encloses the heart | pericardium
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| The interior of the heart contains how man chambers and valves? | 4-chambers and 4-valves
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| The upper thin-walled chambers of the heart. | right and left atrium
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| The lower thick-walled chambers of the heart. | right & left ventricles
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| Circulation that sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated. | pulmonary
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| Circulation that carries oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart. | systemic or general
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| Tubelike structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and then to various tissues of the body. | blood vessels
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| Thick-walled muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries; high blood pressure | arteries
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| The largest artery in the body. | aorta
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| Minute, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins; bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials | capillaries
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| Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; carry blood containing waste products from the various capillaries back to the heart; contain valves that prevent backflow. | veins
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| A nutritive fluid flowing through the circulatory system. | blood
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| How many pints of blood in the human body which accounts for 1/10th of its weight; approx 80 % water; is sticky and salty with a normal temperature of 98.6 degrees F. | 10-pints
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| This is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. | blood
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| Red blood cells are also called this and are produced where? | red corpuscles or erthrocytes; red bone marrow
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| A complex iron protein that gives the blood its bright red color; carry oxygen to the body cells | hemoglobin
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| These,also called leukocytes, perform the function of destroying disease causing germs. | white blood cells or white corpuscles
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| Much smaller than red blood cells, these contribute to the blood-clotting process to stop bleeding. | platelets (aka) thrombocytes
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| The fluid part of the blood in which the red band white blood cells and platelets flow; about 90% water and contains proteins, sugars and oxygen | plasma
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| What is the main function of plasma? | to carry food and secretions to the cells and to take carbon dioxide away from the cells
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| The main source of blood supply to the head, face and neck. | common cartid arteries
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| Where are the common cartid arteries located? | on either side of the neck
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| The common cartid arteries is each divided into an internal and external branch called... | internal cartoid and external cartoid arteries
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| This artery supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose and internal ear | internal cartoid artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the anterior (front) parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck and side of the head; is divided into several branches | external cartoid artery
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| This external maxillary artery supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth and nose. | facial artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the chin and lower lip. | submental artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the lower lip | inferior labial artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the side of the nose | angular artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose | superior labial artery
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| This artery is a continuation of the external carotid artery and supplies blood to the muscles of the front,side, and top of the head | superficial temporal artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids | frontal artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the side and crown of the head | parietal artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the skin and masseter | transverse facial
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| This artery supplies blood to the temples | middle temporal artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the front part of the ear | anterior auricular artery
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| This artery supplies blood the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown | occipial artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the scalp, the area behind and above the ear, and the skin behind the ear | posterior auricular artery
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| This artery supplies blood to the upper eyelids and forehead | supraorbital
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| This artery supplies blood to the muscles of the eye | infraorbital
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| This system is made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels. | lymphatic/immune system
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| This systems protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing micororganisms as well as to drain the tissue space of excess interstitial fluids to the blood; carries waste and impurities away from the cells | lymphatic/immune system
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| A group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body. | endocrine system
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| Specilized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds. | glands
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| Name the two main types of glands of the endocrine system? | exocrine and endocrine glands
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| Duct glands that produce substance that travels throgh small, tubelike ducts. | exocrine glands
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| Sweat (sudoiferous) and oil glands belong to this group. | exocrine or duct glands
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| Ductless glands that release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream, which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body. | endocrine glands
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| Chemicals that are released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body are called... | hormones
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| Hormones that stimulate functional activity or secretion in other parts of the body include... | insulin, adrenaline and estrogen
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| The gland that plays a major role in sexual development, sleep and metablolism. | pineal gland
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| The gland that is the most complex organ of the endocrine system. | pituitary
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| This gland is responsible for almost every physiologic process of the body? | pituitary
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| This gland affects growth, blood pressure, contractions during childbirth, breast milk production, sex organ function, thyroid gland function, the conversion of food to energy (metabolism), and osmolarity regulation of the body | pituitary
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| Gland that controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism). | thyroid gland
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| Gland that makes proteins and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones; releases human growth hormone (HGH). | thyroid gland
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| Gland that regulates blood calcuim and phosphorous levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly. | parathyroid gland
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| Gland that secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins and fats. | pancreas
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| Cells within the pancreas that control insulin and glucagons producetion | Langerhans cells
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| Glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabloic processes of the body, including the flight or fight response. | adrenal glands
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| Glands that function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characeristics. | ovaries and testes
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| Also called the gastrointestinal system, this system is resposible for changing food into nutrients and waste. | digestive system
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| Chemicals that change certain foods into a form that can be used by the body. | digestive enzymes
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| Food, in its soluable form, is transported by the bloodstream to what parts of the body? | cells and tissues
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| Eating or taking food into the body is called? | ingestion
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| Moving food along the digestive tract is known as? | peristalsis
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| The breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means is known as? | digestion
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| Digested food that enters into the circulatory systems for transportation to the tissues and cells is know as? | absorption
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| Elimination from the body is known as? | defecation
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| The system that is responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste matter. | excretory
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| The organ that excretes urine. | kidney
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| The organ that discharges bile. | liver
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| The organ that eliminates perspiration. | skin
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| The organ that eliminates decomposed and undigested food. | large intestine
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| The organ that releases carbon dioxide. | lungs
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| The system that enables breathing (respiration) and consists of the lungs and air passages. | respiratory system
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| Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxied during one breathing cycle. | lungs
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| This system is located within the chest cavity and is protected on both sides by the ribs. | respiratory system
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| A muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing. | diaphragm
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| The system that is made up of skin and its various accessory organs. | integumentary system
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| Various organs such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails are present in this system | integumentary system
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| The system that performs the function of reproducing and perpetuating the human race. | reproductive system
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| The sex hormones, testosterone in males and estrogen in females affect what part of the integumentary system? | skin
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|
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