Radiographic Film Processing
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| Four steps to film processing | Developing, fixing, washing, drying
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| What is the sequence for processing a radiograph? | Wetting, developing, stop bath, fixing, washing, drying
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| What is the purpose of developing? | To change silver ions of the exposed crystals into metallic silver.
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| Name the two developing agents. | Phenidone and Hydroquinone
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| Which developing agent produces shades of gray rapidly? | Phenidone
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| Which developing agent produces black tones slowly? | Hydroquinone
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| What is another name for developing agent? | Reducing agent
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| Which developing agent controls the toe of the characteristic curve? | Phenidone
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| Which developing agent controls the shoulder of the characteristic curve? | Hydroquinone
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| What is the sensitivity center? | A metallic conducting electrode through which electrons are transferred from the developing agent into the crystal.
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| Name the buffering agent. | Sodium carbonate
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| Name the restrainer. | Potassium bromide
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| Name the preservative. | Sodium sulfite
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| Name a hardener. | Glutaraldehyde
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| Name the sequestering agent. | Chelates
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| What is the name of another restrainer? | Potassium iodide
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| What do restrainers do? | Restrict the action of the developing agent to only those silver halide crystals that have been iradiated.
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| What does a preservative do? | Controls the oxidation of the developing agent by air.
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| What does the hardener do? | It controls the swelling and softening of the emulsion.
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| What color does hydroquinone turn when it has been oxidized? | Brownish
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| A lack of restrainer could lead to? | Development fog
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| Chelates are also known as? | Sequestering agents
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| What does an activator do? | Neutralizes the pH of the emulsion and stops developer action.
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| What do fixing agents do? | Remove unexposed and underdeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion.
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| The temperature of the wash water should be maintained around _____ below the developer temperature. | 3 degrees C/5 degrees F
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| The dry-to-drop time for most automatic processors is ____. | 90 seconds
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| Developer temperature must be maintained around _____. | 35 degrees C/95 degrees F)
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| A grayish yellow or brown stain could indicate? | Excessive fixation or use of exhausted fixer.
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| Grayish-white scum could indicate? | Incomplete washing
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| Static marks are caused by? | Static electricity due to friction between film and other objects.
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| Developer temperatures should be checked how often? | Daily
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| The roller racks should be removed and cleaned how often? | Weekly
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| The proper developer action will only occur in an _____ solution. | Alkaline
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| The most common results of excessive developer temperature are: | Decrease in contrast and increase in density
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| A solution that is capable of giving up negative ions (electrons) is classified as a? | Reducing agent
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| Which developer chemical causes the film emulsion to swell? | Sodium carbonate
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| The solution that is maintained at the lowest temperature of approximately 90 degrees F is the: | Wash
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| During latent image formation, the concentration of metallic silver in the exposed crystal occurs in the region of the: | Sensitivity speck
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| One of the common causes of processor jam up is the depletion of the hardener in the developer solution called: | Glutaraldehyde
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| The solution that is maintained at the temperature of approximately 80 degrees F (27 degrees C) is the: | Wash
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| The termination of development process can be accomplished by placing the film in a/an: | Acid solution
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| The principal cause of oxidation in the developer solution of an automatic processor is the exposure to: | Air
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| Single-emulsion film must be loaded with the emulsion ________ the intensifying screen. | Toward
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| The emulsion is composed of gelatin in which photosensitive _______ ______ crystals are suspended. | Silver halide
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| The silver halides used in radiographic film are? | Silver bromide, iodide, and chloride
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| Small crystals = _________ resolution, ______ speed | High, slow
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| Large crystals = ________ resolution, ________ speed | Low, fast
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| _________ films are sensitive to all colors. | Panchromatic
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| __________ films are not sensitive to the red spectrum. | Orthochromatic
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| Large crystals + thick emulsion = _____ contrast __________latitude, and _________ resolution. | Lower, wider, Less
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| Fluoroscopic spot filming can be accomplished with _________ roll film or __________ film chips. | 70mm roll film, 105 mm
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| Film should be stored at a temperature of ______ or lower at all times. | 20 degrees Celsius/68 degrees Fahrenheit
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| Humidity of film must be maintained between ___ and ___ percent. | 30, 60
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| _____________ is the only solution dramatically affected by contamination. | Developer
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| Contamination can occur if ________ drips into the developer tank. | Fixer
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| Film should be dried in a temperature range of ___ to ____. | 120 - 150 degrees F
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| Processed x-rays should be stored at about ______ and _____ humidity. | 70 degrees F (23 degrees C), 60
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| The _________ __________ is designed to move a film through the developer. | Transport system
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| The _________ ________ moves film down in and up out of solution tanks. | Transport rack
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| The ________ ________ turns the film down into the next tank. | Crossover network
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| The _________ _________ turns rollers | Drive system
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| When damp film exits the processor, the cause is most likely to be the ________. | Fixer
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| _____________ is the measurement of the characteristic responses of film to exposure and processing. | Sensitometry
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| Either a _________ or a ____________ is required to produce a uniform range of densities on a film. | Penetrometer, sensitometer
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| A __________ is an instrument that provides a readout of the amount of blackening (density) on a film. | Densitometer
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| A __________ is a series of increasingly thick, uniform absorbers. | Penetrometer
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| A _________ is designed to expose a reproducible, uniform, optical step wedge onto a film. | Sensitometer
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| At 0.3 optical density, ________ percent of light is transmitted through film. | 50
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| Increments of 0.3 changes in OD numbers represent a ___________ of opacity. | Doubling
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| ________ ____ _______ is the density at no exposure, or the density that is inherent in the film. | Base plus fog
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| Radiographic film density ranges around _____ to ___. | 0.05 to 0.10
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| The range of diagnostic densities varies from ________ to _________. | 0.25 - 0.50
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| Film resolution is determined by the ____ of the silver halide crystals. | Size
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| An _____________ relationship exists between film resolution and crystal size. | Inverse
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| Film speed and crystal size are _______ ______. | Directly related
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| Film speed and number of sensitivity specks are ________ ________. | Directly related
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| Film speed and thickness of emulsion layer are _______ ________. | Directly related
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| A change in density will affect contrast only when ______ or _________ the straight line portion of the D log E curve. | Above, below
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| The toe gradient is calculated between ____ and _____ | OD 0.25, OD 1.00
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| Latitude and contrast are _________ related. | Inversely
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| High contrast = _____ latitude + _____ patient dose. | Narrow, high
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| Low contrast = ____ latitude + ______ patient dose. | Wide, low
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| Slow film = ________ patient dose. | High
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| Fast film = _________ patient dose | Low
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| Mismatching of film and screens often _________ patient dose. | increases
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| ______ sensitive film will not respond to most wavelengths emitted by rare-earth phosphors. | Blue
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| ______ is more sensitive to the entire range of phosphor emissions, including yellow-green wavelengths. | Green
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| The speed of an imaging system depends on the __________ of the layer of phosphor or silver halide. | thickness
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| Relative speed number are usually established at ____________ kVp, with ____ kVp preferred. | 70 - 80, 80
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| Recorded detail, sharpness and resolution are measured as ____ ______ ________ | line pairs per millimeter
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| Define matrix. | Square series of boxes that gives form to the image.
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| Define pixels. | The individual matrix boxes.
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| Define voxel. | A three-dimensional volume of tissue.
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| Define noise. | Random background information that is detected but does not contribute to image quality.
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| Image noise has an _____ relationship to contrast. | Inverse
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| Window level controls _______ ________. | Image density
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| There is a(n) ______ relationship between window level and density. | Direct
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| Window width controls _______ _______. | Image contrast
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| There is a(n) _________ relationship between window width and contrast. | Inverse
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| Window width also controls _______ ___ _______. | Visibility of detail
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| Resolution is controlled by ______ ________. | Matrix size
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| Computed radiography is considered ________ digital. | Indirect
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| Direct digital radiography are _________ systems. | Cassette-less
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| ___________ include those that use photostimulable storage phosphor imaging plates, charged coupled devices and silicon. | Indirect systems
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| ________ _________ systems directly convert incoming x-ray photons to an electronic signal. | Direct acquisition
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| The most common phosphor with characteristics favorable for CR is ________ _____ ____ and ____________. | Barium fluorohalide bromides, iodides
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| The latent image is actually created by energy transfer during ____________ ________. | Photoelectric interactions
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| The smaller the pixel, the _______ the spatial resolution. | Higher
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| The range response of the imaging plate detector to x-ray is ________. | Linear
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| Images that are underexposed will show _______ ______________. | Quantum mottle
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| If scan frequency and grid frequency are similar and oriented in the same direction, a _______ _________ will be observed. | Moire effect
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| _________ ________ ________ acquisition systems directly convert incoming x-ray photons into electronic digital signal. | Direct radiography systems
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| Define CCD (Charge Coupled Device). | A photodector that is capable of converting visible light into an electric charge and storing it in a sequential pattern.
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| What is DICOM? | System of computer software standards that permit a wide range of digital imaging programs to understand one another.
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| Quantum mottle (orreticulation) is caused by ______ _______. | Low mAs
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| PACS integrates information from the ______ and ______. | HIS, RIS
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