Mammary Immunology 1
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| MALT | Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
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| Lactoperoxidase/Thiocyanate/H2O2 | Membrane damage and loss of pH gradient - bacteriostatic and bactericidal
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| Classical Pathway | C1 binds to antigen antibody complex
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| Alternative Pathway | Lipid-carbohydrate complex on bacterial cell wall - Factors BDP
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| Lectin Pathway | Carbohydrate containing mannose on bacterial cell wall binds lectin (carbohydrate binding protein produced by the liver)
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| Complement | C1 - C2a+C4b or factors BDP - C3 - C3b - C5 - C5b+C6+C7+C8+C9 = MAC
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| Lymphoid | B cell, T cell, and NK cell
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| Myeloid | Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, DC, Mast cell, Macrophage
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| Erythoid | Platelets and RBCs
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| Anamnestic Response | Heightened, stronger and faster immune response during second encounter
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| Cognitive Phase | Binding of foreign antigens to specific receptors on mature cells
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| Activation Phase | Sequence of events induced in cells as a consequence of specific antigen recognition - clonal expansion
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| Effector Phase | Stage at which cells have been specifically activated by antigens to perform the functions that lead to elimination of the antigen - cytokine/antibody production
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| IgG1 | Selective transport, early defense, macrophages, opsonization
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| IgG2 | Transduction, inflammatory response, macrophages and neutrophils, opsonization
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| IgA | Milk fat, anti-adhesive, dimer, agglutination and toxin neutralization, mucosal tissue, prevent entrance into body = first defense
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| IgM | Pentamer, first Ig produced, complement, opsonize, agglutinate, neutralize toxin, only opsonic for PMN with complement
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| MHCI | All nucleated cells, ENDOGENOUS, CD8 and T suppressor
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| MHCII | Only APCs, EXOGENOUS, CD4, B cells, and APCs
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| Non-specific enhancement, inflammatory regulators | TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IFNs, IL-8, CSF
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| Specific enhancement, amplify non-specific responses | IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-y
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| G-CSF | Increase milk SCC, increase milk neutrophils, enhanced PMN chemotactic and bactericidal activity
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| GM-CSF | Enhanced PMN chemotactic and bactericidal activity, enhanced antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
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| Cluster of Differentiation | Membrane molecultes recognized by particular monoclonals, used to differentiate different lineages or maturation stages
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| CD4 | MHCII, cytokine production
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| CD8 | MHCI, cytotoxicity and suppressor
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| TH1 | Cellular immunity, intracellular pathogens, secrete IFNy and IL-2, induces CD8 cells - IL-12 induced
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| TH2 | Humoral immunity, extracellular pathogens, secrete IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10, induce B cell antibody production - IL-4 induced
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| TH17 | Extracellular pathogens, secretes IL-17, induce macrophages and neutrophils - IL-6 TGFb induced
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| Tc | Cytotoxic T cells, intracellular pathogens, secretes TNF and IFN, lyse infected cells
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| Treg | Regulate immune homeostasis, secrete IL-10 and TGFb, produce large numbers of cytokines
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| yD T cells | Activated by pathogen proteins, produce cytokines, MALT, calf immunity
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| Costimulatory Molecules | APC = B7, CD80, CD86
T cell = CD28
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| NSAIDS | Suppress cyclooxygenase (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
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| Steroids | Immunosuppressive, blocks arachidonic acid cascade
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| Leukotrienes | Chemotaxis, permeability, bronchial vasoconstriction
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| Prostoglandins/prostocyclins | Vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation
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| Thromboxane | Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
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| Selenium | Deficiencies = decreased neutrophil function, supplementation = decreased severity and duration of mastitis
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| Vitamin E | Decreases incidence of clinical mastitis
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| Beta-carotene/Vitamin A | Deficiencies = increase in severity, increased response to stress
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| Copper | Deficiencies = decreased ability of immune cells to kill bacteria
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| Zinc | Healthy teat skin, deficiencies = increased rate of bacterial infections
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| Passive Immunity | Transfer of antibodies from humans or animals
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| Adoptive Immunity | Transplantation of immunocompetent cells
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| Active Immunization | Stimulation of host immune system, vaccine
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| Inactivated | Killed with heat or chemicals, requires booster
Rabies, flu
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| Live, attenuated | Disabled virulent properties, preferred for health adults
Chicken pox, measles and mumps
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| Toxoid | Inactivated toxic compounds from microorganisms
Foot and Mouth, tetanus
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| Subunit (DNA vaccine) | Fragment of organism
Hep B and HPV
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| Heterologuous | Microorganism shares cross reacting antigens with disease causing microorganism - J5 and BCG
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| Vascular Changes | TNF, IL-1, IL-8, IL-6
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| Leukocyte Infiltration | IFNs, TNF, IL-8
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| Metabolic Changes | IL-6, TNF, IL-1, IFN
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| Antigen Recognition | IFNy, TNF, IL-1
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| Clonal Expansion | IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6
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