Geology Exam 1
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Geology | The study of the Earth
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| Physical geology | The study of the Earth's materials and processes.
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| What is Geology's economical importance? | Allows production of natural resources, prevents hazards, involves engineering and focuses on resource sustainability.
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| Rock | An aggregate of minerals.
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| Mineral | A naturally occuring, inorganic crystalline solid that has definite physical and chemical properties.
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| What do tectonic plates ride on? | Lithosphere
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| How are tectonic plates affected by what cells? | Pulled apart by convection cells.
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| Alfred Wegener | Proposed the theory of the continental drift and the supercontinent Pangea.
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| Chemical Bonds | Result of electrical forces.
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| Ionic Bonds | Transfer electrons.
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| Metallic Bonds | Resemble a sea of electrons.
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| Covalent Bonds | Share electrons.
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| Van der waal bonds | Asymmetrical bonds; Example of a mineral with this bond is Muscovite.
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| Convergent plate boundaries | This occurs when two crustal plates are moving together and one plate subsides under the other one.
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| What are the three types of convergent boundaries? | Oceanic-Oceanic (more dense), Oceanic-Continental (Oceanic subduct; more dense), Continental-Continental (builds mountains).
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| How old is the Earth? | 4.6 Billion years old
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| How old is the universe? | 13.8 Billion years old
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| Supporting evidence for continental drift | Continental fit, similar rock sequences, glacial evidence and fossil evidence.
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| How does Erosion occur? | When sediments are transported by wind, water and ice.
These sediments are then deposited which means they come to rest somewhere.
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| How do divergent plate boundaries occur? | Two crustal plates are moving apart, creating new lithosphere.
Ex: spreading ridge
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| Driving forces of plate tectonics | Mantle convection, ridge push and slab pull.
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| When does a hot spot occur? | When a mantle plume is stationary under a moving plate and when this happens over time it forms a aseismic ridge.
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| Clasts | Individual fragments that can be seen with the naked eye.
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| Matrix | The fine grained material that fills the space between clasts.
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| Cement | The crystalline material added to the rock to hold the clast and matrix together.
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| What can't be split into other substances? | Elements
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| Atom | Smallest particle that still retains the element's properties.
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| Diaphaneity | The amount of light a substance can transmit.
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| What do Sulfides contain? | Sulfur
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| What do Halides contain? | Fluorine and Chlorine
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| What happened when the Earth formed? | Coalesced into stratified layers with the densest minerals in the center.
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| Terrestrial planets | Small planets composed of rock and metallic elements (Iron and Nickel). Ex: Earth
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| Jovian planets | Big planets made of rocky cores that are composed of mostly hydrogen. Ex: Jupiter
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| Moh's Scale of Hardness (Small to Large) | Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond.
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| What is Earth's inner core made of? | Solid Iron and Nickel
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| What is Earth's outer core made of? | Liquid material
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| Tenacity | A minerals resistance to breaking or deforming.
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| Specific gravity | The ratio of the density of an object to the density of water.
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| What are the seven major plates? | Eurasian, Indian-Australian, Antarctic, North and South American, Pacific and Africa
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