Intro to Soc. - Ch 1 - The Sociological Perspective
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| Symbolic Interaction | The interaction that takes place between people or with an object through symbols.
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| Survey | A method of systematically obtaining standardized information about characteristics of a population or the way people think or behave, using interviews or questionnaires.
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| Correlation | A relationship between variables that occurs regularly.
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| Interview | The questioning of a research subject in order to obtain desired information.
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| Latent Function | Unintended or unconscious functions or consequences
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| Macrosociology | Investigation which concentrates on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations.
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| Manifest Function | A consequence or function that is obvious, intended or conscious.
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| Microsociology | Investigation which stresses the study of small groups and often uses laboratory experimental studies.
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| Natural Sciences | Disciplines that study physical (chemistry, physics, geology, astronomy) or biological (biology, zoology) phenomena.
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| Bias | The often unconscious tendency to interpret information according to one's own values.
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| Case Study | A complete and detailed record of an event, group or social process.
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| Conflict Perspective | A sociological approach that focuses on tension, competition and change amongst groups as a permanent feature of society.
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| Content Analysis | The systematic coding and objective recording of data, guided by some rationale.
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| Ideal Type | A construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases may be evaluated.
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| Independent Variable | The variable in a causal relationship which influences or causes a second variable.
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| Interactionist Perspective | A sociological approach that focuses on the way people act toward, respond to and influence one another.
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| Operational Definition | A definition that states a variable in terms that can be measured.
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| Participant Observation | A method in which the researcher becomes directly involved in the behavior under study.
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| Questionnaire | A research instrument consisting of a series of questions employed to obtain desired information from a research subject.
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| Social Psychology | The study of how personality and behavior are influenced by the social context.
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| Sociological Imagination | An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society.
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| Sociology | The scientific study of human groups and social behavior.
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| Spurious Correlation | A relationship between variables that is merely coincidental and not indicative of a causal relationship.
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| Structure | A set of interrelated components which contribute to the maintenance of a system.
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| Social Sciences | Disciplines that study various aspects of human behavior, such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, political science and economics.
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| Hypothesis | A speculative statement about the relationship between variables.
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| Hawthorne Effect | The unintended influence that observers or experiments themselves can have on their subjects.
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| Random Sample | A sample for which every member of the population under study has the same chance of being selected.
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| Respondent | A research subject who participates in a survey.
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| Research Design | A detailed plan for the scientific collection and analysis of data.
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| Sample | A small number of individuals selected as research subjects, drawn from a larger population.
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| Science | A body of knowledge obtained by logical, systematic methods of study.
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| Scientific Method | A systematic, organized series of seven steps that ensure maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem or hypothesis.
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| Secondary Analysis | A variety of research techniques that make use of publicly accessible information and data.
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| Nonverbal Communication | The sending of messages through the use of body language, facial expressions and gestures.
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| Objectivity | Interpretation that eliminates the influence of personal values.
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| Value Judgement | An opinion based on personal values or biases.
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| Cultural Anthropology | The study of the ways of life of other people, particularly small-scale, traditional societies.
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| Dependent Variable | The variable in a causal relationship that is affected by another variable.
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| Detached Observation | A method in which the researcher remains as aloof as possible.
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| Dramaturgical Approach | A view of social interaction popularized by Erving Goffman, under which people are examined as if they were theatrical performers.
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| Dysfunction | A negative element or process that may disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability.
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| Experiment | A method for studying the relationships between variables under carefully controlled conditions.
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| Experimental Group | Subjects in an experiment who are exposed to an independent variable by a researcher.
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| Function | A positive consequence for a whole social system.
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| Theory | A statement that organizes a set of concepts in a meaningful way by explaining the relationship among them.
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| Theoretical Perspective | A broad assumption about society and social behavior that provides a point of view for the study of specific problems.
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| Value Neutrality | Max Weber's term for the absence of biases or personal values in the interpretation of data.
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| Controls | Ways of excluding the possibility that some other factors might be influencing the relationship between research variables.
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| Control Group | Subjects in an experiment who are exposed to all experimental conditions except the independent variable.
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| Variable | A measurable trait or characteristic that can change or differ.
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| Verstehen | The German word for "understanding" or "insight"- used by Max Weber to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs and attitudes.
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| Functionalist Perspective | A sociological approach that focuses on the way various parts of society have functions that maintain its stability.
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| Generalization | Statements that apply not just to a specific case, but to most cases of the same type.
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| Observation | A research technique in which an investigator collects information through direct participation and/or observation of a group/tribe/community.
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| Symbol | Anything that can meaningfully represent something else.
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