Stack #198507
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| Primary purpose for the Woodcock reading Mastery Exam (WRM) | Achievement
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| Robert Breckenridge | Father of public education in Kentucky. wrote anti-papism literature of exclusion of Catholic schools from public funding.
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| IDEA- Individuals with disabilities education act | The student shall be given equal opportunity to participate in non-academic or extracurricular activites.
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| Psychoanalytic theory | individual that are oftern unaware of many of the factores that determine their emothions and behaviors.
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| Lloyd P. Jorgenson | The fundamental asumption of the common school movement the public school would be an agent of moral/social redemption that resulted from non sectarian religious instruction.
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| Bernard Bailyn | the idea of public education was created by hisstorians who were educational missionaries
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| Ellwood P. Cubberley | State control of education. wanted exper professional supervison of schools. suggested local districts submit to state administrators.
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| Booker T. Washington | Advocated vacational education to help African Americans to gain skills that would enable them to get jobs.
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| Cherine Beecher | "women as mothers, serve a great purpose in maintaining the health of american democracy.
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| John Joseph Hughes | fought for catholic students rights to use their Bible in schools and for taxpayer dollars for Catholic schools.
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| Horace Mann | leading figure in common school movement. Led the battle to create a state board of education. Tax supported schools
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| Macia's 4 identity statuses | Foreclosure, identity diffusion, moratorium, identity achievement
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| Moratorium | experimentation with occupational and ideological choices without difinite commitment
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| identity diffusion | inability to develop a clear direction or sense of self. Adolescent has found neither an occupational direction nor an idealogical commitment.
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| Foreclosure | An adolescents premature establishment of an identity based on parental choices, not on his or her own
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| Identity achievement status | teen has mdade her own conscious, autonomous clear cut decisions about an occupation and ideology that reflects who she is and a deep commitment to these decisions
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| Erikson's stage 8-late adulthood | Integrity vs. despair. acceptance of accomplishments, failures, and ultimate limitations brings with it a sense of integrity.
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| Erikson's stage 7- middle adulthood | Generativity vs. self-absorption. Interest in establishing and guiding the next generation.
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| Erikson's stage 6- young adulthood | Intimacy vs. Isolation. Sharing of your life with one another. Ready to form new relationships of trust and intimacy with another individual.
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| Erikson's stage 5- 12 yr. - 18yr. | Identity vs. Role Confusion. Who am I? Increasingly turn away from parents and toward per groups. Rapidly changing physiology, coupled with pressure to make decisions about future education and career.
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| Erikson's stage 4- 6yr. - 12 yrs, | Industry vs. Inferiority. Desire to make things. Success brings a sense of industry a good feeling about oneself and ones abilities. failure creates a neg. self image.
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| Erikson's stage 3- 3yrs. - 6 yrs. | Initiative vs. Guilt. Vigorous exploration of their physical and social behavior. growing sense of initiative.
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| Erikson's stage 2- 18 mo. - 3 yrs. | Autonomy vs. doubt. Strive towards the ability to do things for themselves. desire for power afnd independence. have the dual desire to hold on and to let go.
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| Erikson's stage 1- birth - 18 mo. | Trust vs. mistrust. develop and essential trustfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of ones own trustworthiness
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| Psychosocial crisis | according to Erikson, the set of critical issues that individuals nust address as they pass through each of the eight life stages
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| Psychosocial theory | A set of principles that releates social environment to psychological development
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| Social constructivism | emphasizes the importance of culture and context in understanding what occurs in society and construction knowledge based on this understanding.
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| B runer's 4 themes of process of education | 1. structure, 2. readiness, 3.intuition, 4. motivation
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| Piaget's theory vs vygotsky's theory | Piagot believed development preceded learningVygotsky believed learning preceded development
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| Transitivity | A skill learned during the concrete operational stage when children can mentally arrange and compare objects.
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| Seriation | Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, volume.
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| Egocentric | believing that everyone views the world the way exactly as you do.
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| Centration | paying attention to only one aspect of an object or situation.
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| conservation | the concept that certain properites of an object remain the same regardless of changes in other properties.
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| Formal operational stage ages 11-adulthood | stage in which one can deal abstractly with hypothetical situations and can reason logically
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| concrete operational stage ages 7-11 | stage where children develop the capacity for logical reasoning and understanding of conservation, but can use these skills only in dealing with familiar situations
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| preoperational stage ages 2-7 | children learn to represent things in the mind. development of the ability to use symbols to represent objects in the world.
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| sensorimotor stage ages birth - age 2 | infants learn about their surroundings by using their senses and motor skills
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| cognitive development | gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated
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| What are the parents rights if they challenge the info in their child's records | hearing performed by uninterested party, attorney, written decision summarzing evidence from hearing officer
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| Civil rights act of 1964 | ended segregation in schools
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| corporal punishment in schools is prohited by law. True or false | false. it is legal in 22 states
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| the law prohibits any form of prayer in schools. Trus of false | False. It just can't be led by teachers or administration.
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| Teachers are held to the same moral standards as other citizens. True or false | False
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| teachers are responsible for the safety of the students in their classroom. True or False | True
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| teachers have the legal right to determine what is taught in their classroom | True. with certain limitations
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| Dame Schools | instruction for children provided by a female neighbor in her home.
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| Latin Grammer schools | post-primary schooling for wealthy, white males preparing for the ministry
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| Massachusetts Act of 1647 | towns with 50+ households to hire a teacher of reading/writing to create scripture literate citzens.
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| English grammar school | Established in 1821 a free secondary school meant to meet the needs of boys not planning on attending college
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| deafness and hard of hearing | hearing ability is of little use, even with the use of a hearing aid
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| Fetal alcohol syndrome | alcohol-related damage/defect of the central nervous system of the fetus. brain damage can occur.
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| Down syndrome | Chromosomal- 47 instead of 46. Mild to moderate retardation, heart defects, hearing loss, vision problems. Upper slant eyes, short stature, flat nose, short fingers, reduced muscle tone
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| Mental retardation | refers to substantial limitations in present functioning manifests before the age of 18
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| Asperger's syndrome | mild form of autism; may have concomitant learning disabilities and or poos motor skills
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| vision impairment | degree of uncorrectable inability to see 1 out of every 1000 children are blind
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| speech disorder | oral articulation problems, occur frequently among children in early elementary grades
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| language disorder | impairment in student's ability to understand language, or to express ideas in one's native language
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| Autism | developmental disability affecting social interactions. verbal/nonverbal communication, extremely withdrawn, engage in self-stimulating activites, resistant to changes in the environment or routine
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| Attention deficit disorder (ADHD) | Difficulty in maintaining attention because of limited ability to concentrate accompained by impulsive actions; hyperactive
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| Emotional and behavior disorder (EBD) | serious persistant age-inappropriate behaviors resulting in social conflict.inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships
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| Learning disability (LD) | disorder in one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using spoken or written language. Normal intelligence, discrepancy between intelligence and performance. delays in achievement; poor motor coordination
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| transitivity | A skill learned during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development, where individuals can mentally arrange and compose objects
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| seriation | arranging objects in sequential order according to one thing
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| object permanence | the fact that an object exists even if it is out of sight
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| Reflexes | inborn, automatic responses to stimuli
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| motivation | the influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior
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| constructivism | view of congnitive development that emphasizes the active role of learners in building their own understanding of reality
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| equilibration | the process of restoring balance between present understanding and new experiences
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| accommodation | modifying existing schemes to fit new situations
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| assimilation | understanding new experience in terms of existing schemes
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| adaptation | the process of adjusting schemes in response to the environment by means of assimilation and accommadation.
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| schemes | mental patterns that guide behavior
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| cognitive development | gradual, orderly changes by which mentla processes become more complex and sophisticated
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| postmoderism | contends that many societal institutions, including schools, are used by those in power to control those who lack power
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| progressivism | emphasizes curriculum that focuses on real-world problem solving and individual development
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| essentialsim | belief that a critical core of information exists that all people should possess.
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| perennialism | belief that nature and human nature is constant
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| students who are learning oriented | when student encounters obstacles, they keep trying and their motivation might increase
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| students who are performance oriented | when they run into obstacles they become discouraged and give up
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| Piagets theory of cognitive development | a childs intellect progresses through 4 distist stages
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| In proposition 187, what did Californians try to do? | deny free education and healthcare services to aliens
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| what was the significance of Plyler v. Doe | states have to educate illegal children
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| what are the 4 guidelines for children with aids to attend school? | 1. no opern lesions. 2. can control body functions, 3. can control behavior,
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| exceptions to compulsory attendance | married students, serving as pages in state legislature, age 14 with work permit, Amish children who have finished the 8th grade
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| what was the significance of Pierce v. society of sisters | invalidated Oregon state law requiring children to attend public schools
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| Compulsory schools attendance laws generally apply to what ages. | 6-16
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| how does the 10th amendment apply to schools? | lets states develop curriculum departments of education, testing standards, funding, etc
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| how does the 8th amendment apply to schools? | corporal punishment is allowed without prior hearing and without prior permission of parents
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| How does the 4th amendment apply to schools? | allows metal detectors, searches of lockers, prohibits strip searches, for private property searches schools must have probable cause
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| How does the 1st amendment apply to schools? | no one religion in schools, prohibits teachers or education administration from leading prayer or religious groups in schools
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| Heteronomous morality | the stage at which children think that rules are unchangeable and that breaking them leads to automatic punishment
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| Autonomous morality | the stage at which a person understands taht people make the rules and that punishments are not automatic
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| Kolberg's stages of moral reasoning | Level 1 preconventional; stage 1 punishment and obedience, stage 2 instrumental relativist.Level 2- Conventional: stage 3 good boy -good girl, stage 4 law and orderLevel 3 Postconventional; stage 5 social contract, stage 6 universal ethical principles
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| expectancy theory | a theory of motivation based on the belief that people's efforts to achieve depend on their expectations of reward
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| social learning theory | learning theory that emphasizes not only reinforcement but also the effects of cues on thought and of thought on action
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| comprehensive high school | a secondary school that attempts to meet the needs of all students by housing them together and providing curricular options
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