Introduction to Microbiology
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| Microbiology | the biology of organisms that cannot bee seen with the "naked" eye
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| Microorganisms/microbes | "germs" or "bugs"
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| Microbiology includes... | viruses, bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, helminths
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| Antonio van Leeuwenhoek | "Father of Microscope"
began making and using simple microscopes
examined water and visualized tiny creatures
ANIMALCULES
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| By the end of what century they were called microbes/microorganisms | 19th
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| What Leeuwenhoek could have seen: | fungi, protozoa, algae, bacteria, archaea, small animals
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| people from the past thought living things arose from 3 processes: | asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, or from nonliving matter
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| Who proposed spontaneous generation? | Aristotle
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| Spontaneous generation | living things can arise from nonliving matter (abiogenesis)
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| Redi's experiments | -when decaying meat was kept isolated from files, maggots never developed
-meat exposed to files was soon infested
-as a result, scientists began to doubt Aristotle's theory
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| Pasteur's expeiments | -when the "swan-necked" flasks remained upright, no microbial growth appeared
-when the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck sweeped back into the flask and made the infusion cloudy with microbes within a day
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| Koch's Postulates | -suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
-agent must be isolated and grown outside of host
-when the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease
-same
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| Semmelweis | handwashing
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| Lister | antiseptic technique
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| Snow | infection control and epidemiology
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| epidemiology | study of spread of disease
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| Jenner | vaccine; field of immuniology
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| Ehrileh | "magic bullets"
field of chemotherapy
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| immunology | study of fighting diseases
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| biotechnology | biological systems for our purpose
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| astrobiology | study of microbes in space
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| Recombinant DNA technology | genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications
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| Gene therapy | inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells
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| Bioremediation | uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments
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| Roles of microorganisms in the environment | recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
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| Roles of microbes as energy source | biofuels
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| Taxonomy | system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things
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| Naming microorganisms | -Binomial (scientific) nomenclature
-gives each microbe 2 names
- genus=always capitalize
-species=lowercase
-both italicized or underlined
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| 3 domain | Bacteria
Archara
Eukarya
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| Bacteria | prokaryotic cell structure
extreme environments
simple cells
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| Archaea | prokaryotic cell structure
extreme environments
simple cells
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| Eukarya | eukaryotic cell structure
complex
60 C
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| Evolution | living things change gradually over millions of years
more in notes
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| Phylogeny | natural relatedness between groups of organisms (example between coli and salmonella)
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