Exam 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| Which type of muscle is innervated by a somatic motor neuron? | skeletal
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| Cardiac muscle is under what type of control? | involuntary
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| Which muscle type lines the urinary bladder? | smooth
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| Which muscle type is striated? | skeletal and cardiac
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| All muscle have the function of: | providing some type force.
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| What are three basic types of muscle? | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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| Primarily for the movement of bones. Striated because of the parallel arrangement of fibers in the sarcomeres and is able to generate force along a single axis. Primarily controlled by the somatic nervous system (under voluntary control). | Skeletal Muscle
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| Lacks sarcomeres, has thick & thin filaments, undergoes a crossbridge cycle, found in sheets surrounding hollow organs and tubessuch as the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, blood vessels, lungs.controlled by the autonomic nervous system. | Smooth Muscle
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| Found only in heart, striated & functions similar to skeletal muscle, has gap junctions between cells like single-unit smooth muscle. branched so force generates in multiple directions, pacemaker activity, myogenic regulated by autonomic nervous system | Cardiac Muscle
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| collection of muscle cells | Muscle
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| bundles of muscle cells together with their associated connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve cells within a muscle | Fascicle
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| single muscle cell, fusion of multiple myoblasts during development; these are excitable cells | Muscle fiber (myofiber)
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| muscle fiber's plasma membrane | Sarcolemma
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| semifluid cytoplasm of a muscle cell | Sarcoplasm
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| rod-like bundle that contains the contractile machinery (actin and myosin), runs along length of muscle fiber | Myofibril
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| saclike membranous network that surrounds myofibrils and releases calcium ions to trigger muscle contractions | Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| fundamental functional unit of contraction found in myofibrils that repeats over and over; bordered on each side by Z-lines (protein that runs perpendicular to the muscle axis) which anchor actin during contraction | Sarcomere
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| actin (contractile protein) + troponin + tropomyosin; actin is formed from a double chain of globular proteins that is wound with tropomyosin (a fibrous molecule) to form a strand; troponin (a globular complex of three proteins) holds tropomyosin to actin | Thin filaments
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| formed from hundreds of myosin (contractile protein) molecules; mysoin is formed from two filamentous protein tails and two globular heads arranged to resemble two golf clubs wound around each other | Thick filaments
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| proteins for actin attachment | Z line
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| Name the two primary contractile proteins in a sarcomere during muscle contraction, | actin and myosin
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| What step is necessary to break a cross-bridge during muscle contraction? | An ATP molecule causes a conformational change in the myosin head which reduces its affinity for actin.
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| What occurs when calcium ions bind to troponin? | tropomyosin rolls away from binding sites on actin
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| What neurotransmitter is used at skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions? | acetylcholine
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| What two proteins slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere? | actin & myosin
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| Which blood vessel type is highly permeable and allows many substances to move into and out of the blood? | capillary
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| Into which vessel does blood flow upon leaving the left ventricle? | aorta
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| Which valve is responsible for supressing backflow of blood from the right ventricle? | right av valve
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| What does the P wave signify in an ECG? | atrial depolarization
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| What triggers action potentials in cardiac muscle cells? | action potential in pacemaker cells, conductile cells, and surrounding cardiac muscle
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| Which component of blood makes up most of the blood volume? | Plasma
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| Where are new erythrocytes made? | bone marrow
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| Which type of leukocytes do phagocytosis? | neutrophils only
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| Which type of blood cell is the most abundant? | erythrocytes
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| Which factor converts fibrinogen into fibrin? | thrombin
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| What causes repolarization in both cardiac muscles and pacemaker cells? | potassium ions exit the cell
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| How does cardiac output chenge when heart rate increases? | it increases
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| Transportation, regulation, and protection | Functions of the cardiovascular system
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| What are the components of the cardiovascular system? | circulatory and lymphatic
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| Series of tubes connected to a pump and filled with fluid designed to carry substances long distances in the body. | circulatory system
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| Silent partner to the circulatory system. Series of tubes that collect fluid that leaks from the cardiovascular system through a series of capillaries. White blood cells are here. | lymphatic system
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| Composed of plasma and formed elements | blood
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| The total volume of blood in a normal, healthy adult human is about? | 5.5 L
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| 55% of total blood volume; about 3 L | plasma
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| 90 % of plasma; functions as medium to dissolve solutes and suspend formed elements | water
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| 8 % of plasma, most synthesized by liver | proteins
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| albumin, globulins, fibrinogen & other enzymes, hormones, antibacterial molecules | plasma proteins
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| 60% of plasma proteins; responsible for plasma osmotic pressure | albumin
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| 36% of plasma proteins; clotting proteins, antibodies secreted by WBCs during immune response, transfer proteins that move substances that don't interact well with water | globulins
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| Important to blood clotting | fibrinogen
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| water, proteins, electrolytes, respiratory gases, serum, make up what? | plasma
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| cations, anions make up? | electrolytes
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| sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, trace metals | cations
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| chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate | anions
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| oxygen, carbon dioxide are: | respiratory gases
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| plasma from which fibrinogen and other clotting proteins have been removed | serum
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| These cells are 45% of totabl blood volume; most abundant; lack nucleus, mitochondria, & other organelles; biconcave disk; last 120 days; made in bone marrow; 5,000,000 per cubic mm | Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
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| Less than 1% of total blood volume, DNA samples taken from these, 5 types | Leukocytes(White blood cells)
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| Granulocyte, 50-80% of all WBCs circulate in blood 7-10 hours then to tissues, phagocyte | neutrophils
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| Granulocyte, 1-4% of all WBCs, can do phagocytosis, attack parasites to large for phagocytosis, can trigger allergic reactions | Eosinophils
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| Granulocyte, less than 1% of all WBCs, nonphagocytosis; release toxic molecules to damage invaders, release histamine, heparin, & other chemicals that exacerbate allergic reactions | basophils
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| Agranulocyte, 2-8%of all WBCs, circulate in blood a few hours, then migrate to tissues where they become larger and develop into macrophages | Monocytes
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| 20-40% of all WBCs, 99% of cells in interstitial fluid, specific immune responses, can become B cells that secrete antibodies, t-cells, or null cells. | lymphocytes
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| less than 1% of total blood volume,100,000-500,000 per cubic mm of blood; form when fragments of megakarycytes break off, mitochondria, smooth ER, cytoplasmic granules, blood clotting | platelets
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| where are erythrocytes in the first trimester of pregnancy | yolk sac
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| where are erythrocytes in the second trimester of pregnancy | primarily liver, some spleen and lymph nodes
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| where are erythrocytes in the last month of gestation during pregnancy to 5 years after birth | bone marrow all bones
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| where are erythrocytes in 5-20 years after birth | vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilia, long bones
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| where are erythrocytes in20 years after birth til death | vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilia
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| What are some factors that stimulate erythoprotein production | Hypoxia, high testosterone, norepinephrine, epinephrine, prostaglandins
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| What are some factors that decrease oxygenation? | low blood volume, anemia, low hemoglobin, poor blood flow, pulmonary disease, very high altitude
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| The cessation of bleeding; accompanied by 3 reinforcing steps; vascular spasms, platelet plugs, blood clot or thrombus | hemostasis
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| intrinsically occur in response to damage to a blood vessel and are reinforced by feedback from sympathetic nervous system to increase resistance and decrease blood flow; minimizes blood loss but does not stop it | vascular spasms
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| no striations, actin & myosin, involuntary, autonomic, varicosities-diffuse, SR & ECF, calmodulin, gap junctions, pacemaker activity, slow, no recruitment | smooth single unit muscle
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| striations, actin & myosin, voluntary, somatic, neuromuscular junction-specific, SR, troponin, fast, recruitment | skeletal muscle
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| no striations, actin & myosin, involuntary, autonomic, varicosities-diffuse, SR & ECF, calmodulin, no gap junctions, no pacemaker activity, slow, recruitment | smooth multi-unit muscle
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| striations, actin & myosin, involuntary, autonomic, varicosities-diffuse, epinephrine, SR & ECF, troponin, gap junctions, pacemaker activity, intermediate, no recruitment | cardiac muscle
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| Process that generates force so that muscles can pull on things & move them. | sliding-filament model of muscle contraction
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| When action potential reaches the axon terminal of the somatic motor neuron , the change triggers | voltage-gated calcium ion channels in the somatic motor neuron to open
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| When voltage-gated calcium ion channels open in a skeletal muscle action potential | calcium ions move down their electrochemical gradient from outside to inside
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| What is the average concentration of red blood cells in blood? | 5,000,000 per cubic mm
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| How could one increse cardiac output | increase heart rate, stroke volume or both
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| what occurs during blood clotting | vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, blood clotting
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| Where does blood go after the right atrium | right ventricle
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| What type of feedback loop controls blood clotting | positive
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| The process of myosin binding & unbinding to actin is called: | cross-bridge cycle
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