7th Science - Chapter 8 - Effie Subardoe - Abeka Curriculum
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| Aves | The class birds are in
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| Plumage | Feathers
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| Avian | pertaining to birds
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| To reduce weight, instead of teeth and jawbones birds have ________ ______ made of keratin, reinforced by lightweight bony struts. | Toothless bills
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| Unlike the solid bones of most other animals, bird bones are usually hollow and strengthened by internal ______ _______ like that of a steel girder. | cross bracings
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| Andean condor | The largest flying bird
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| What characteristics do all members of the class Aves share? [six] | Bipdal [two-legged], warmblood, vertebrates,feathers, scally legs, and wings
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| Ornithologists | Scientists who study birds
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| Birds have a very strong sternum with a large ridge called what? | The Keel
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| Clavicles | Collarbones
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| The clavicles of a bird are fused together, forming the ___________. | Furcula [wishbone]
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| The bird's "thumb" bones support the _____. | Alula, a retractable group of feathers at the front of the wing.
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| The "______" bones support the feather on the wing tips. | finger
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| Humerus | Upper "arm" bone
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| Ulna and Radius | Lower "arm" bone
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| The muscles of flying birds are engineered to meet what? | The power demands of flight.
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| Pectorals | Flight muscles that correspond to the muscles of the chest
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| Pectoralis major | The larger two of the four pectoral muscles
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| By using the ________ to raise the wings, God eliminated the need for large, strong back muscles, keeping their weight low. | Pectorals
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| What do birds do instead of using a diaphragm? | Birds pump air through the lungs as chest muscles expand and contract the thoractic cavity
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| A bird's four chambered heart circulates blood in a pattern similar to what? | Humans and mammals.
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| Gizzard | Grinds food, making it easier for the intestine to absorb it.
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| Crop | A storage sack in the esophagus.
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| Do birds store much solid or liquid waste in their bodies? | NO!
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| A bird inhales and exhales how many times for each breath of air through its repiratory system? | Twice
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| Of all of God's creations, birds have the best _________. | Eyesight
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| Monocular vision | Has a wide field of vision for detecting danger.
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| Binocular vision | Allows a narrow field of vision for spotting prey.
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| The bird's wings are only ______ _________ for the flight feathers. | narrow supports
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| Where are the three basic type of flight feathers found? | Primary-extend from the bird's "hand" to the tips of its wings;
Secondary-extend form the back of the ulna;
Tertiary-overlap the secondary flight featheres nearest the bird's body
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| Flight feathers. | Provide birds with the necessary wing shape for flight; special contour feathers.
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| Name three basic type of flight feathers. | Primary, Secondary, and tertiary
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| Contour feathers. | Strong feather found on the bird's body wings, and tail. Aids the bird in streamlining.
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| Name three general types of feather. | Contour, flight, insulation.
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| Insulation feathers | down feathers
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| Down feathers | Soft, fluffy feathers close to the bird's body that provide excellent insulation withoug adding much weight.
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| Each feather has a shaft. What is a shaft? | A shaft is the hard, hollow "backbone" of the feather
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| Barbs | Attached to the shaft are thousands of individual projections; Barbs and contour feathers are "zipped" together by tiny hooks
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| Barbs and contour feathers are "zipped" together by tiny hooks called _________. | barbules
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| Feathers, which are made of keratin, grow from _________ in the bird's skin. | Follicles
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| Preen | groom
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| Preen gland | Produces oil that helps condition and waterproof the feathers
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| ________ ________ are some of the best gliders. | Soaring seabirds
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| Instincts | Built in knowledge you do not have to learrn
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| Hover | To remain stationary in the air
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| Intermittent flight | Alternate flapping with gliding or coasting
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| Gliding | The simpilest kind of flight; uses minimal energy
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| Some Gliders use hot air, or __________, to gain altitude without expending energy. | thermals
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| Soaring | When a bird glides within a thermal to gain altitude
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| What surprising activity is against the law in the United States? | To collect feathers belonging to most species. (Or other bird parts)
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| Powered flight | Flapping flight; Bird fly by continually flapping its wings
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| The most strenuous part of a bird's flight is _________. | Takeoff
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| Molt | When a bird replaces its old, broke, or missing feathers as new ones and grown
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| Name three reasons birds call. | To attract their mates, to warn other birds of danger, and to announce that food is available.
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| Dusting | When birds take a dust bath
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| Birds take water baths to clean their skin and feathers of what? | Dust, parasites, excess
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| Visual Displays | "Body language" Birds use this to communicate.
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| What is anting's purpose? | Exactly why some birds ant is unknown; it is guessed that acid on the ants rids the bird of parasites or skin irritation caused by the growth of new feathers
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| Anting is most often practiced when a bird is _______. | molting
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| Mobbing | When flocks of small birds attack a large predatory bird; this alerts other birds of the predator's presence and distracts the large bird from the eggs. May even kill the big bird
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| Ground nesting birds usually attempt to use what measure to keep predators from their nest | They lure predators from the nest, instead of fighting
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| Anting | When birds rub ants on its plumage or sit in the dirt and allow ants to crawl over their feathers
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| Rodent running | When a bird nesting in thick grass sneaks away from the nest when a predator is near thet draws attention to itself by screeching and running around then sneaks back to the nest after the preadotr is distracted
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| Flock | To gather in large groups, especially just before breading season
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| Migration generally occurs in what time of year along routes that run north and south | Fall, or winter
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| Migration | The regular (usually yearly) movement of animals between two habitats
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| Altitudinal migration | When a bird will move up in altitude not latitude
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| Flyaways | Routes birds take when they migrate
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| Most male birds perform ___________ __________ to attract a mate. | courtship rituals
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| Egg | A complex package designed to nurture and protect the developing bird
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| Germinal spot | Where the embryo will develop
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| High speed diving wings | Narrow
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| What type of wings are needed for maneuvering in close quarters? | Short and broad
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| What is a bird's tail designed for? | The type of flight, and the habitat in which the bird lives
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| Fast, agile flapping flight needs what type of wings? | Tapered wings
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| Scrapea | Scooped out hollow nest on the ground
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| Incubation | The keeping of warm eggs for proper development
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| Shell | An eggs thick, outermost layer
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| Shell membranes | Made of keratin; separate at one end to form an air filled chamber
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| Gliding wings | Long and Narrow
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| Soaring wing | Large and broad for catching the most air
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| Hovering wings | Short and tapered
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| Chalaza | A twisted cord that holds the yolk body; allows the germinal spot to remain upright
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| Yolk body | The large egg cell produced by the mother bird's ovary
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| Yolk | Contained by the yolk body; A nutrient rich fluid for the developing chick
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| Albumen | Egg white
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| Brood patch | An area on a bird's underside that is without feathers, so it allows the heat from the mother birds body to be transferred to the developing egg
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| The shape of a bird's wing depends on what? | On how and where it is designed to fly
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| God uniquely designed bills for what? | The kind of food a bird enjoys.
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| Seed eating birds have ______, ______ sead eating bills | short, stout
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| Bills for spearing fish | Piercing bills
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| Bills for hunting birds that feed on terrestrial vertebrates; The upper mandible extends beyond the lower mandible and hook downward in front of it; | Tearing bills
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| Large, colorful bills with serrrated edges | Fruit-slicing bills
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| Perching feet | Have three forward toes and one hind toe
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| Grasping feet | Similar to perching feet but have talons
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| Talons | Pointed claws
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| Scratching feet | Similiar to perching feet
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| Mobility on the ground or in the water depends on what? | The foot design given by God
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| Field marks | Various colors, patterns, and marking characterstics of a particular bird species
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| Appearance of birds can vary based on _____, ____ and ____ ___ _____. | Gender,age,time of year
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| Name the six simpler categories of birds | Perching, birds of prey, water, game, tropical, and flightless birds.
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| What, generally, is the type of bird that is a perching bird? | Something like songbirds, wrens, and similar species; small songbird types
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| Most small birds are equipped with ______ _____. | perching feet
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| Altricial | When a hatched bird is featherless and helpless
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| The bee humming bird | The smallest of all birds
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| Birds of prey [raptors] | Distinguished by their ability to hunt by snatching prey with grasping feet
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| Peregrine falcon | The world's fastest bird
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| Diving | When a bird glides down at a very steep angle
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| Falconry | Hunting using trained falcons or hawks
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| Water birds | Include swimming birds like waterfowl, pelicans,flamingos and gulls.
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| Waterfowl | Ducks, geese, and swans
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| Ducks | Short necked waterfowl that eat in a variety of ways
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| How can you tell ducks and geese apart? | Geese are larger than ducks and have larger necks
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| Which of the three has the longest neck? A swan, a duck, or a goose | Swans have the longest necks
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| Pelicans | have a unique throat pouch that they use to catch fish
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| Game birds | Include many birds that have been hunted for food and other, often edible, birds with similar anatomy
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| Except for doves, pigeons, and a few other species, game birds fly how often and where do they nest? | very little, nest on the ground
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| Megapodes | A group of game birds that are the only birds in the world not to provide any parental care to their young
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| Tropical birds | Live in the warm regions near the equator
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| Many tropical birds can be classified in _____ _______. | other groups
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| Parrots [name 3] | Include macaws, parakeets, lorikeets, lovebirds, cockatoos, and budgerigars.
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| Trogons | A group of brightly-colored tropical birds that eat insects and fruit
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| Name three (out of five) flightless birds. | Include ostriches, emus kiwis, rheas, and cassowaries.
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| Flightless bird do not have a _____ on the sternum; because of this their pectoral muscles aren't large enough to fly. | Keel
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| Emperor and Adelie penguin | The only penguins that actually live in Antarctica year round.
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| Penguins | Flightless bird
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| Why do birds have air sacs? | To give the bird extra air intake
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| Why do birds have air capillaries instead of alveoli like mammals? | Because it allows air to flow through the lungs instead of just in and out
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