Questions and Answers
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| List the three structures that make up the bony thorax? | A. Sternum B. Thoracic VertebraC. 12 Pairs of Ribs
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| What is the term for the long,middle aspect of the sternum? | The Body
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| The most distal aspect of the sternum does not ossify until a person is approximately _______ years of age. | 40 years
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| The total sternum length on an average adult is about _______ inches. | 6 Inches
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| The xiphoid end of the sternum is at the approximate level of the ________ vertebra. | T9 or T10
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| The sternal angle is at the level of ________ vertebra. | T4 and T5
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| What is the name of the joint that connects the upper limb to the bony thorax (the only bony connection between the bony thorax and upper limbs?) | The Sternoclavicular Joint.
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| What is the name of the section of cartilage that connects the anterior end of rib to the sternum? | The Costocartilage.
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| What distinguishes a true rib from a false rib? | True ribs connect to the sternum by their own costocartilage.
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| How are false ribs connected to the sternum? | They are connected to the sternum via the costocartilage of the seventh rib.
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| {True/False} The eleventh and twelfth ribs are classified as false and floating ribs. | True
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| {True/False} The anterior end of the ribs is called the vertebral end. | False It is called the sternal end.
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| Which aspect of the ribs articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae? | The Tubercle
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| List the three structures found within the costal groove of each rib. | A. The Artery B.The Vein C. The Nerve
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| The bony thorax is widest at the lateral margins of which ribs? | The eighth or ninth.
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| How many posterior ribs are shown above the diaphragm? | Eleven
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| What type of movement does the first sternocostal joint have? | Immovable--synarthrodial
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| What type of joint movement does the first through twelfth costovertebral joint have? | Movable--diarthrodial
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| What type of movement does the first through tenth costochondral unions have?(Between costocartilage and ribs.) | Immovable--synarthrodial
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| What type of joint movement does the first through the tenth costotransverse joints have?(Between ribs and transverse processes of T vertebrea.) | Movable--diarthrodial
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| What type of joint movement does the second through seventh sternocostal joints have?(Between second through seventh ribs and sternum.) | Movable--diarthrodial
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| What type of joint movement does the sixth through tenth interchondral joints have?(Between anterior sixth through tenth costal cartilage.) | Movable--diarthrodial
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| (True/False)It is virtually impossible to visualize the sternum with a direct PA or anteroposterior (AP) projection. | True
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| (True/False)A large,"deepchested"(hypersthenic)patient requires more obliquity for a frontal view of the sternum as compared with a "thin chested"(asthenic)patient. | False (less obliquity)
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| How much rotation should be used for the oblique position of the sternum for a large, "deep-chested"patient? | Approximately 15 degrees.
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| What is the advantage of performing a breathing technique for radiography of the sternum? | It blurs lung markings and ribs which improves the visibility of the sternum.
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| What is the primary reason that a source image receptor distance(SID) of less than 40 inches should "NOT" be used for sternum radiography. | Increase in patient dose, especially skin dose.
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| What other imaging option is available to study the sternum if routine RAO and lateral radiographs do not provide sufficient information. | CT or Nuclear Medicine.
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| Identify the perfered positioning factors to demonstrate an injury to the ribs found BELOW the diaphragm: | A. General body position (RECUMBENT)B. Breathing instructions(EXPIRATION)C.Recommended kilovoltage range(MEDIUM 75 to 85)
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| An injury to the region of the eighth or ninth rib would require the_________ diaphragm technique. | ABOVE
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| To properly elongate and visualize the axillary aspect of the ribs, the patient's spine should be rotated___________the area of interest. | Away from
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| Which projections (AP or PA and anterior or postieror oblique) should be preformed for an injury to the anterior aspect of the ribs. | PA and anterior obliques (Placing the area of interest closest to the I.R. is one recomended routine).
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| Which two rib projections should be performed for an injury to the RIGHT POSTERIOR ribs? | AP and RPO (To shift spine away from area of interest).
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| How can the site of injury be marked for a rib series? | By taping a small, metallic "BB" over the site of the injury.
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| If the physician suspects a pneumothorax or hemothorax has occured as a result of a rib fracture, which additional radiographic projection(s) should be performed in addition to the routine rib projections? | Erect PA and lateral chest.
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| A flail chest is defined as a(an): | Pulmonary injury caused by blunt trauma to two or more ribs.
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| Osteolytic metastases of the ribs produce which of the following radiographic appearances? | Irregular bony margins.
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| Which of the following definations applies to pectus excavatum. | Depressed sternum due to congential defect.
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| A proliferative bony lesion of increased density is generally termed. | Osteoblastic
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| (True/False)MRI provides a more diagnostic image of rib metastases as compared with a nuclear scan. | False
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| Patients can develope osteomyelitis as a postoperative complication following open heart surgery? | True
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| Which is preferred for a study of the sternum--RAO or LAO? | RAO
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| Why is a RAO preffered for a study of the sternum? | It places the sternum over the heart to provide a uniform background for added visibility of the sternum.
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| Where is the central ray centered for the oblique and lateral projections of the sternum? | Midsternum (midway between jugular notch and xiphoid.
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| What other position can be performed if the patient cannot assume a prone position for the RAO sternum? | LPO (oblique supine position)
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| What is the recommended SID for a lateral projection of the sternum? | 60 to 72 Inches.
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| Why is the recommended SID for a lateral projection of the sternum 60 to 72 inches? | It reduces magnification created by the long object image receptor distance. OID
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| What criteria applys to a radiograph for an evaluation of the oblique sternum? | The entire sternum should lie over heart shadow and be adjacent to the spinal column.
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| Where is the Central Ray centered for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints? | The Level of T2-T3.
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| What type of breathing instructions should be given to the patient for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints? | Suspend respiration on inspiration.
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| How much rotation of the thorax is recommended for an anterior oblique of the sternoclavicular joints? | 15 Degrees
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| Which specific oblique position best demonstrates the LEFT sternoclavicular joint next to the spine? | LAO Left Anterior Oblique
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| What are the three points that must be included in the patient's clinical history prior to a rib series? | A.The nature of the trauma or patient complaintB. The location of the rib pain or injuryC.Wether or not the patient has been coughing up blood.
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| Where is the central ray centered for an AP projection of the ribs for an injury located above the diaphragm. | 3 to 4 inches below the jugular notch, the level of T7.
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| Which two specific oblique positions can be used to demonstrate the LEFT axillary portion of the ribs? | RAO or LPO elongates the left axillary ribs, and shifts the spine away from the injury site.
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| How many degrees of rotation are needed for a routine oblique projection of the ribs. | 45 Degrees.
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| Both the patient thyroid dose and the breast dose for a correctly colliminated PA sternoclavicular (SC) joint projection are in the _________ range. | The 1 to 5 mrad range.
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| (True/False) The thyroid dose for an anterior oblique rib projection is only about 5 percent of what it would be for a posterior oblique rib projection. | False (Only about 1/3, or 33 percent)
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| (True/False)The breast dose for an anterior oblique rib projection is only about 5% of what it would be for posterior oblique rib projection. | True
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| (True/False)The gonadal dose given for rib projections is less than 1 mrad. | True
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| A radiograph of an RAO sternum is superimposed over the thoracic spine. Which specific positioning error is visible on this radiograph? | Underrotation of the patient.
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| A radiograph of an RAO sternum reveals that the sternum is difficult to visualize because of excessive density. The following factors were used for this image:75kV,25mA, 3-sec. exp.40in. SID,Bucky,and 100 speed screens.What is needed for a better picture | Lower the kilovoltage to 65 for higher contrast and to prevent overrotation of the sternum.
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Created by:
Jerrie Lee
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