Contrast Media Worksheet
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| What is the purpose of contrast agents used in diagnostic imaging? | Demonstrates absorption and density differences in organs and vessels
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| Positive contrast agents increase/decrease density differences. | increase
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| What are two examples of positive contrast agents and an exam where they are utilized? | barium sulfite (barium swallow)non iodinated (myelogram)
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| What are two types of negative contrast agents and an exam that uses negative agents? | air, carbon dioxidedouble contrst barium enema
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| Why do we not give a patient barium sulfate if there is a suspected perforation or obstruction? | It may leak into the peritoneal cavity causing infection (peritonitis) or if the patient has an obstruction it may cause more of an obstruction.
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| what type of water soluble contrast is used in cases of perforation of the bowel? | Oral/rectal
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| What is the k edge for barium? iodine? | 37; 33
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| By know what the k edge of the contrast is what information do we gain? | we can determine what kVp to use barium - 37 - 105 kVp iodine - 33 - 90-95 kVp
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| Define water soluble | substance that can easily dissolve in water
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| w/w (weight in weight) | amount of solid substance dissolved in known amount of liquid
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| w/v (weight in volume) | amount of solid substance dissolved in measured quantity of liquid
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| Non-ionic, LOCA | low osmolar contrast agent; safer; contains less particles and will not bind within body causing less chances for adverse effects
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| Concentration of ions in a dissolved sutstance per unit of solvent. | osmolarity
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| number of cases of adverse occurences | morbidity
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| death rate | mortality
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| Viscosity | thickness/resistance to flow
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| What is the purpose of single contrast studies and double contrast studies? | single - for filling to identify obstructiondouble - to coat the mucosal lining to look for polyps and ulcers
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| What are two medications given for pre medication for allergy to water soluble iodinated contrast? | prednisone and benadryl
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| What is the advantage of non-ioni, LOCA water soluble contrast media? | fewer iodine particles and no free electrons. It will not bind within body, decreases adverse occurence; less toxic and low morbidity
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| Which contrast would have less toxicity?ionic, low osmolarity, non-ionic low osmolarity or nonionic high osmolarity | non-ionic low osmolarity
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| What is the maximum level for creatine and BUN before it is contraindicated? | Creatine .6-1.5 (greater than 2.0)BUN 8-25 mg (greater than 45)
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| Name some risk factors for contrast media injection. | renal failure (due to creatine and BUN), allergic reaction, iodine sensitivity
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| cardiovascular changes manifested in response to a contrast medium injection and results in lightheadedness, anxiety, diaphoresis, hypotension and bradycartioa. | Vasovagal
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| If a patient was having a vasovagal reaction what can be done? | give atropine to help
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| What are four mild adverse occurences? | metallic taste, cough, vomitting, flushed, urdicaria
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| what are four severe adverse occurences? | laryngeal edema, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, anaphylactic shock
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| Name equipment that should be present in case of a reaction to contrast. | O2, suction, crash cart
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| which drug inhibits vasovagal reactions? | atropine
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| This drug removes excess fluid from body. | lasix
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| Mimics sympathetic system and used in severe contrast reactions. | epinephrine
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| Muscular relaxant and sedative. | valium
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| Phenergan | reduces nausea
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| Benadryl | allergic reaction to contrast
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| If a water soluble contrast was unsafe for myelography what would it have to state? | not for intrathecal injection
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| What are some pharmaceutical routes of administration of medications? | oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, parenteral
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| what are 7 parenteral routes of administration? | intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrathecal, subarachnoid
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| Give an example of a positive contrast agent. | barium sulfate
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| Give an example of a negative contrast agent. | air
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| Extravasation | leaking into tissues
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