WVSOM -- Molecular Aspects of Oncology
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| What is metastatic lung cancer? | Cancer that started in the lungs and traveled other places.
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| What do cancer cells do to normal cells? | Out compete the normal cells.
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| What must cancer do to survive? | Self sufficient growth signals
insensitivity to anti-growth signals
Tissue invasion and metastasis
Sustained antiogenesis
Evasion of aptosis
Limitless replicative potential
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| How many mutations are needed for cancer? | more than 1
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| Process of cell transformation (4) | One mutation.
The mutation induces a hyperproliferative state.
A second mutation occurs leading to a cancer cell.
Metastasis.
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| Explain Metastasis | Tumor degrades the basement membrane, go thru the extracelluar matrix and enter the blood supply.
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| How are growth factors proto-oncogenes? | 1. Growth factors and GF receptors
2. GF receptor must bind to GF and activate downstream signal tranduction pathways.
3. Signal tranduction proteins go out of control and growthfactor doesn't stop
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| What is a proto-oncogene? | A gene that can be mutated into an oncogene
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| What is an oncogene? | A gene that will enable cells to become self-transformated.
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| What are tumor suppressors? | Proteins that inhibit tumor growth
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| What is pRB? | protein Retnoblastoma
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| What does retnoblastoma do? | Inhibits E2F
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| What is E2F | Forces cell from G1 to S phase
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| What is retinoblastoma? | Autosomal recessive trait.
Deletion on chromosome 13.
Cannot make retinoblastoma so tumors develop.
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| What does p53 do? | Senses DNA damage adn also induces p21
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| What does p21 do? | Inhibits the cell cycle
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| What happens if Ras is being over expressed? | It is going to continuously have more DNA expression and cause uncontrolled growth.
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| What is Hedgehog? | Will bind to a transmembrane protein and increase gene expression and cell proliferation.
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| What family of glycoproteins mediates oncogenesis? | Cadherins.
It is a tumor suppressor
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| RAS and RB do what to tumors? | cause them
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| What is apoptosis? | cell death
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| What is an example of anti-apoptosis? | Bcl-2
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| What is a pro-apoptosis protein? | Bax
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| In cancer what protein is over expressed when apoptosis is the problem? | Bcl-2
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| What is the multiple hit hypothesis? | Mutations have to have multiple hits in the cell for it to be cancer
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| How does smoking cause cancer? | Benzopyrine changes the base pairing in DNA so it mutates the cell
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| How do moldy peanuts cause cancer? | Produces a toxin that reacts with the N7 group of guanosine.
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| How does hereditary breast cancer occur? | Repair of double strand breaks by homologous recombination.
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| How does Xeroderma pigmemtosum occur? | UV light.
Nucleotide excision repair is inhibited.
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| How do telomeres affect cancer? | Cancers cells activate telomerase is activated and makes telomeres longer so the cells do not go thru apoptosis.
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| How do telomeres affect cancer? | Cancers cells activate telomerase is activated and makes telomeres longer so the cells do not go thru apoptosis.
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| What is Burkit Lymphoma? | Translocation mutation
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| What is Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia? | Portion of chromosome 9 is replaced with chromosome 22 causing a shifting in genes. Looses regulation.
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