Characteristics of Flunetrazepam, GHB, and Ketamine
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| What is the DFA classification for flunitrazepam? | Schedule I
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| What kind of drug is flunitrazepam? | Intermediate acting benzodiazepine
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| What is the mechanism of action for flunitrazepam? | Potentiation of GABA-mediated synaptic processes in the brain
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| What is the therapeutic blood concentration of flunitrazepam? | 5-15 micrograms/L
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| Describe the elimination of flunitrazepam. | Half life is ~15 hours.
84% excreted in urine.
11% excreted in feces.
0.2% excreted unchanged.
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| What is the most abundant metabolite of flunitrazepam? | 7-aminoflunitrazepam
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| What are the effects of flunitrazepam? | Decreased blood pressure.
Impaired memory.
Drowsiness.
Visual disturbances.
Dizziness.
Confusion.
GI disturbances.
Urine retention.
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| What drugs enhance the effects of flunitrazepam? | ethanol, CNS depressants, nitrous oxide, ketamine, opioids
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| What are the side effects of GHB? | Drowsiness.
Dizziness.
Nausea.
Amnesia.
Motor control loss.
Visual disturbances.
Unconsciousness.
Bradycardia.
Seizures.
Respiratory depression.
Coma.
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| How long does it take for the effects of GHB to manifest? | 15-30 minutes
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| What is the half life of GHB? | 30 minutes
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| How long can GHB be detected in blood and urine? | Blood: 8 hours
Urine: 12 hours
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| GHB is produced in the body as a naturally occurring metabolite of GABA. What are the expected concentrations of naturally occurring GHB? | Blood: up to 2 mg/L
Urine: up to 10 mg/L
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| What postmortem concentration of GHB suggests ingestion of the drug? | Any concentration > 50 mg/L
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| What doses of ketamine are commonly seen in drug abuse? | IV: 50 mg
IN: 60-100 mg
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| What is the mechanism of action for ketamine? | Inhibits pain by cutting off brain's perception of pain without respiratory depression. This results in a state dissociated from the environment but not asleep.
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| What are the effects of ketamine? | Impaired cognitive processes.
Dizziness.
Motor incoordination.
Slurred speech.
Confusion.
Amnesia.
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| What is the half life of ketamine? | 2-3 hours
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| What are the metabolites of ketamine? | norketamine and dehydronorketamine
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| What are the four components of memory? | Very short term.
Short term.
Long term.
Retrieval.
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| What is amnesia? | Memory deficits in an individual who has a normal attention span, normal intelligence, and the ability to acquire new skills.
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| What is retrograde amnesia? | Memory loss occurs for events before the onset of brain damage.
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| What is anterograde amnesia? | Memory loss occurs for events after the onset of brain damage.
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| Which type of amnesia is typically drug-induced? | Anterograde amnesia
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