Oxidation of Ketone Bodies
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| Ketone Bodies are produced in the ________ | Liver
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| Is ketone body production a fed state or a fasted state event? | Fasted State
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| Are ketones toxic? | Not as long as they can be used.
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| Why is ketone body production and use in a fasted state? | Liver Beta oxidizes esxcess fatty acids mobilized from adipocytes in teh fasted state.
Acetyl-CoA produced by B oxidation is the "excess" carbon for hepatic ketone body synthesis
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| What produces Acetyl CoA for ketone production? | B-Oxidation and ketogenic amino acid catabolism
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| Why can't the liver use all the acetyl CoA it produces in the fasted state? | B-oxidation produces more Aceytl CoA than can be used
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| Why can't the liver use all of the acetyl CoA it produces in the Fasted Stated | The liver must devote significant oxaloacetate to gluconeogenesis so this limites the TCA cycle activity.
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| What does teh liver obtain from its B-oxidation of excess fatty acids? | FADH2 AND NADH are used by the liver without involvement of teh TCA cycle.
Can go straight to oxidative phosphorylation
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| NADH may provide "___________" for mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase’s production of malate from oxaloacetate. | reducing power
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| What does the body do with excess acetyl CoA carbons the liver cannot catabolize? | The liver converts it to ketone bodies.
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| What organs import ketone bodies? | heart, kidney and skeletal muscle
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| Why can high energy demand organs catabolize ketone bodies? | they do not have the limit on their TCA cycle activity that hepatocytes do
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| Can the liver use ketone bodies? | no
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| Can acetoacetyl CoA cross the plasma membrane? | No
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| What CoA is at a branch point of the ketone body synthesis pathway? | HMG CoA
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| Acetoacetate is reduced to | B-hydroxybutyrate
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| What reduces acetaoacetate to b-hydroxybutyrate | β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
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| What happens to acetoacetate when it remains in the blood stream? | it is converted non-enzymatically to acetone
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| How is the acetone removed from the body? | exhaled
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| Two ketone bodies increases the rate of ______________ | export from the liver and their solubility in the blood stream
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| Ketone Bodies are known as | a-b-hydroxybutyrate
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| Ketone body catabolism | b-hydroxybutyrate is converted to acetoacetate
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| What catalyzes ketone body catabolism | b-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
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| Starting Materials of Ketone production | Acetyl CoA
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| Source of ketone starting material | b-oxidation
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| Products of Ketone Body Production | Acetoacetate (produced first)
β-Hydroxybutyrate (produced by oxidizing acetoacetate)
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| Intermediate at the branch point of cholesterol | HMG-CoA
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| Can the brain catabolize ketone bodies? | Yes, but only after a complete fast of several days
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| Can red blood cells ever catabolize ketone bodies? | No, they do not have mitochondria
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| Can red blood cells ever catabolize ketone bodies? | No
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| What cells besides RBC cannot use ketones? | None, almost all other types of cells can catabolize ketone bodies, just in a much lesser extent
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| When does catabolism of ketone bodies increase? | As ketone body levels in the blood stream rise with increased duration of a fast.
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| When does the brain use ketone bodies? | only after a complete fast of 3-4 days
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| Is the presence of ketone bodies in the blood stream always a pathological event? | no
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| When is the presence of ketone bodies in teh blood stream a pathological event? | When hepatic ketone body production exceeds extrahepatic cell ketone body use
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| How does the body attempt to limit ketoacidosis? | Kidneys begin to excrete ketone bodies.
Acetoacetate is nonenzymatically converted to acetone and exhaled.
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| What exacerbates ketoacidosis? | presence of high serum levels of lactate and/or uric acid
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| Is ketoacidosis necessarily associated with diabtes? | No
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| Causes of Ketoacidosis | Occurs in unregulated diabetic when lack of insulin mimics the fasted state.
Occurs in longer fasts/starvation states in nondiabetics
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Created by:
tjamrose
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