Ch 1 Psychology Terms and Definitions
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| Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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| Introspection | The process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities
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| Structuralism | Early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhem Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind.
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| Functionalism | Early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.
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| Gestalt Psychology | Early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures.
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| Psychoanalysis | The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud.
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| Psychodynamic Perspective | Modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations.
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| Behaviorism | The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only.
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| Humanistic Perspective | Perspective that emphasizes human potential and the idea that people have the freedom to choose their own destiny.
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| Biopsychological Perspective | Perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.
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| Cognitive Perspective | Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning.
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| Sociocultural Perspective | Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture.
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| Evolutionary Perspective | Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.
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| Psychiatrist | A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
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| Psychologist | A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology.
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| Psychoanalyst | Either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis.
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| Psychiatric Social Worker | A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.
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| Scientific Method | System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.
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| Naturalistic Observation | Study in which the researcher observes people or animals in their normal environment.
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| Observer Effect | Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.
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| Observer Bias | Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
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| Case Study | Study of one individual in great detail. Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning.
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| Survey | Study conducted by asking a series of questions to a group of people.
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| Correlation | A measure of the relationship between two variables.
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| Experiment | A deliberated manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships.
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| Independent Variable | Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter.
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| Dependent Variable | Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.
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| Operational Definition | Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measure.
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| Experimental Group | Subjects in an experiment that are subjected to the independent variable.
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| Control Group | Subjects in an experiment that are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a a placebo treatment.
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| Random Assignment | Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group.
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| Placebo Effect | The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior.
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| Single-Blind Study | Study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group.
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| Experimenter Effect | Tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.
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| Double-Blind Study | Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects knows if the subjects are in the experimental or control groups.
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| Critical Thinking | Making reasoned judgments about claims.
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