Ch 1 Psychology Terms and Definitions
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| Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes | ||||
| Introspection | The process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities | ||||
| Structuralism | Early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhem Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. | ||||
| Functionalism | Early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. | ||||
| Gestalt Psychology | Early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures. | ||||
| Psychoanalysis | The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud. | ||||
| Psychodynamic Perspective | Modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations. | ||||
| Behaviorism | The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. | ||||
| Humanistic Perspective | Perspective that emphasizes human potential and the idea that people have the freedom to choose their own destiny. | ||||
| Biopsychological Perspective | Perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system. | ||||
| Cognitive Perspective | Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning. | ||||
| Sociocultural Perspective | Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture. | ||||
| Evolutionary Perspective | Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share. | ||||
| Psychiatrist | A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. | ||||
| Psychologist | A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology. | ||||
| Psychoanalyst | Either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis. | ||||
| Psychiatric Social Worker | A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse. | ||||
| Scientific Method | System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced. | ||||
| Naturalistic Observation | Study in which the researcher observes people or animals in their normal environment. | ||||
| Observer Effect | Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed. | ||||
| Observer Bias | Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see. | ||||
| Case Study | Study of one individual in great detail. Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning. | ||||
| Survey | Study conducted by asking a series of questions to a group of people. | ||||
| Correlation | A measure of the relationship between two variables. | ||||
| Experiment | A deliberated manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships. | ||||
| Independent Variable | Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter. | ||||
| Dependent Variable | Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment. | ||||
| Operational Definition | Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measure. | ||||
| Experimental Group | Subjects in an experiment that are subjected to the independent variable. | ||||
| Control Group | Subjects in an experiment that are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a a placebo treatment. | ||||
| Random Assignment | Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group. | ||||
| Placebo Effect | The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior. | ||||
| Single-Blind Study | Study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group. | ||||
| Experimenter Effect | Tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study. | ||||
| Double-Blind Study | Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects knows if the subjects are in the experimental or control groups. | ||||
| Critical Thinking | Making reasoned judgments about claims. |
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Created by:
ANursingStudent
on 2008-10-16