Chapter 4 - Alkanes
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| alkanes | fully saturated hydrocarbons, single bonds
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| primary carbon | carbon bonded to one other carbon
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| secondary carbon | carbon bonded to two carbons
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| As molecular weight increases... | density, mp, bp increase
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| branched alkanes | lower bp and mp, lower attractive forces, lower density
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| free radical halogenation | when H atoms are replaced by halogen atoms (I Br or Cl)
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| Initiation | halogens are cleaved by heat or light to form free radicals
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| Propagation | when a radical produces another radical that can continue the rxn
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| Termination | two free radicals combine to form stable molecule
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| Combustion | alkane + O2 = CO2, heat and water
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| Pyrolysis | when molecules are broken down by heat to form more desirable alkanes
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| Nucleophile | electron rich and attracted to positive atoms; strong bases
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| Protic Solvents | solvents capable of H bonding; larger atoms are better nucleophiles
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| Aprotic solvents | more basic atoms are better nucleophiles
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| Leaving Groups | weak bases make great ___ ___
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| Sn1 Rxns | two steps; dissociation of a molecule into carbocation and LG, then carbocation plus nucleophile; polar protic solvents; tertiary carbon most stable; racemic products; favored when bulky nucleophiles
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| Rate of Sn1 Rxns | first order rxn cuz rate depends on one species (reactant)
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| rate-determining step of Sn1 | forming the carbocation takes longer cuz it is unfavorable and slowest step is rate-limiting step
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| Sn2 rxns | when nucleophile actively displaces the leaving group, 1 step, transition state, polar protic solvent, optically active/inverted products; primary carbons most stable
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| Rate of Sn2 rxn | second order rxn cuz involves substrate and nucleophile
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