DNA Replication
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DNA replication is _______ and ________ | bidirectinal and semiconservative
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What is one important difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication? | Prokaryotic DNA replication has one origin
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Origin of replication sequences are usually almost exclusively made up of what base pairs? | A and T
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What is the job of single-stranded DNA-binding protein? | It binds to to the single strands in the separated regions to prevent them crom reannelaing so replication enzymes can function. Also protects the strands from nuclease degredation
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DNA helicases do what job? | Unwind the helix (like a zipper)
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Type I topoisomerase cuts _____ strand(s) and allowing the DNA to _________. After it is complete it seals the nicked strand. | 1, swivel to relieve the supercoil.
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Type II topoismerase cuts _______ strand(s) | 2
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All polymerases that synthesize nucleic acids can only catalyze synthesis in this direction ____. Therefore the template is read in this direction ____. | 5' to 3', 3' to 5'
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DNA prokaryotic polymerases require a ____ group to begin synthesis. This requirement is met by a _______, which is synthesized by this enzyme _______ and does not require a primer | RNA primer, RNA polymerase
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Each nucleotide requires the energy of hydrolysis of ____ high energy bonds | 2. pyrophosphate is released from the dNTP, which is then further hydrolized to pyrophosphatase.
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Is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing chain elongation in prokaryotes for both the leading and lagging strands. | DNA Polymerase III
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Prokaryote Pol III has _________ activity which allows it to replicate DNA with as much fidelity as possible. It checks each newly added nucleotide for accuracy. | proofreading
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Prokaryote Pol III exonuclease works in this direction | 3' to 5'
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DNA polymerase I catalyzes what reaction? What direction does it function? | removal of RNA primer and replacment with dNTPs. 5' to 3' exonuclease which removes the RNA primer. It also contains 3' to 5' exonuclease (proofreading) ability
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What does DNA ligase do? | seals the gap that remains after Pol I removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
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During what cell cycle phase do eukaryotic cells replicate their DNA? | S phase
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Name the two important eukaryotic DNA polymerases | Pol alpha, Pol delta
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What produces the RNA primer in Eukaryotic DNA replication? | Pol alpha (it also contains DNA polymerase activity)
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This enzyme extends the leading and lagging DNA fragments in Eukaryotic DNA replication that began by Pol alpha. It also contains DNA proofreading activity | Pol delta
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Describe the unique problem created in Eukaryotic DNA replication to complete the replication. What enzyme solves this problem? | Eukaryotes contain linear DNA, therefore at the end of the lagging strand there will be a gap where the final RNA primer was removed. The enzyme is telomerase
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The ends of eukaryotic DNA contain repeated sequences called ______ | telemoeres
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Telomerase is only present in what kind of cells? | Cells that continually divide and are not terminally differentiated.
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Telomerase is a certain type of this kind of enzyme | reverse transcriptase
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Some polymerases can copy an RNA template into DNA in the process known as ________ | reverse transcription.
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Reverse transcriptase lacks ______ ability. | proofreading
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A defect in the mismatch repair system has been shown to cause this disease | hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), one of the most common inhereted cancers
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This type of enzyme recognize a misincorporated nucleotide, nicks the strand, and remove sthe misincorporated nucleotide. | endonucleases
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The rare genetic disease zeroderma pigmentosum most often originates from a deficiency in this enzyme | excision endonuclease
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