FSHN 350- Exam 5
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| Components of TDEE | EXee, NEAT, TEF, BMR
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| What does NEAT stand for? | non exercise induced thermogenesis
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| MET | measure expressing the energy cost of a physical activity as a ratio of metabolic rate during the exercise and during a reference
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| BMR amout | 1.2 kcal/minute
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| Compensators vs. noncompensators | eat more when exercise/don’t
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| Part of the brain that controls satiety | hypothalamus
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| Db/++ parabiosis | lean mouse died of starvation (db leptin resistant)
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| Db/ob parabiosis | ob mouse died of starvation (db leptin resistant)
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| Ob/++ parabiosis | ob mouse becomes lean (ob leptin deficient)
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| Leptin | satiety factor (over-produced in most obese individuals); helps some lose weight
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| Important discovery from leptin resistance | adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ
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| Peptide YY | reduces appetite and food intake (increases after feeding)
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| Ghrelin | appetite activating hormone (increased during fast)
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| POMC neurons | decrease food intake (activated by insulin)
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| NPY/AgRP neurons | increase food intake (inhibited by PYY; activated by ghrelin)
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| POMC signaling pathway problems | mutations; autoimmune against MC4 receptor
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| Obesity associated w/ what in leptin, PYY, and ghrelin? | increased leptin (resistance), decreased PYY, decreased ghrelin* inconclusive
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| PYY obese vs. lean | less in both fasting and fed states; not resistant
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| Satiety and hunger in reduced obese individuals | more food & not less hungry
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| Less than ___% of individuals are able to maintain weight loss for ____ years or longer | 10%; 5
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| Ghrelin before and after weight loss | after-> much higher
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| Change in PYY and ghrelin 62 week after weight loss | ghrelin starts to normalize, but PYY continues to fall
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| Evolutionary perspective of obesity | the system is driven to regain weight b/c fear of starving
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| What causes increased caloric intake after use of THC? | snacking
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| Anorectic | POMC neurons
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| Orexigenic | NPY/AgRP neurons
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| CB1 receptors | cannabinoid receptors in CNS
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| CB2 receptors | cannabinoid receptors in in periphery
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| Mice lacking CB1 receptor | lose weight on standard chow and a high fat diet
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| Acomplia/rimonabant | blocked CB1 receptor; taken off market b/c of depression
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| How do CB1/CB2 receptors modulate appetite? | activation of NPY neurons
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| vitamin A is composed of | retinols
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| other function (than vision) of vitamin A | cell differentiation
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| VADD | vitamin A deficiency disorder-> night blindness, hyperkeratosis
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| vitamin D activation | vitamin D3-> semi active form (in liver), then parathyroid hormone converts it to active form in kidneys (**activated by low calcium)
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| vitamin D and cardiovascular risk | significantly higher risk w/ less vitamin D
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| vitamin D deficiency | rickets in children, osteoporosis in adults
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| vitamin E | antioxidant found in cell membranes (prevents oxidation of fatty acids)
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| regeneration of vitamin E (3 compounds) | NADPH, ascorbate, GSSG
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| B1 | thiamin
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| B2 | riboflavin
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| B3 | niacin
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| B5 | panthothenic acid
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| B6 | pyridoxine
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| B7 | biotin
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| B9 | folate
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| B12 | cobalamin
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| which vitamin is absorbed in the ileum? | B12
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| active form of thiamin (B1) | thiamin pyrophosphate
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| TPP function | oxidative carboxylation reactions
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| 3 reactions that require TPP | pyruvate-> acetyl coA; alpha ketoglutarate -> succinyl coA; BCAA -> acetyl coA
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| thiamin deficiency | Beri-Beri (weak-weak) and Wernicke-Korsakoss caused by interaction w/ alcohol
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| riboflavin (B2) | central component of FMN and FAD
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| FMN structure | riboflavin + phosphate
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| FAD structure | riboflavin + phosphate + AMP
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| 3 reactions that require riboflavin (FAD or FMN) | Kreb's cycle (succinate-> fumarate); ETC electron delivering; beta oxidation
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| niacin (B3) | converted to NAD and NADP
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| where does NADPH function? | MEOS (ethanol-> acetaldehyde) and fatty acid synthesis
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| niacin deficiency | pellaga 4 D's (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)
*occurs where corn is the main staple
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| pantothenic acid (B5) | component of coenzyme A
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| pyridoxine 3 types | pyridoxine (plant), pyridoxal (animal), pyridoxamine (animal)
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| pyridoxine (B6) | many enzymes in protein metabolism; amino acid metabolism (transaminase)
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| biotin (B7)- 2 reactions | coenzyme for carboxylases; pyruvate-> oxaloacetate (gluconeogenesis); acetyl coA -> malonyl coA (FA synthesis)
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| folate (B9) | purine synthesis, cell homeostasis during periods of cell division
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| folate deficiency | neural tube defects (spina bifida)
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| cobalamin (B12) structure | has a cobalt in middle; largest vitamin
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| cobalamin (B12) function | odd chain FA metabolism (methylmalonyl- coA mutase); make methionine from homocysteine (then SAMe can be produced)
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| cobalamin deficiency | if gastric cells stop producing intrinsic factor, pernicious anemia occurs
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| vitamin C structure | resembles glucose (some animals can synthesize it)
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| vitamin C function | antioxidant/reducing agent; cofactor for collagen synthesis
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| vitamin C is a co-factor for enzymes involved in | carnitine and neurotransmitter production
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| vitamin C is a natural | antihistamine
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| vitamin D function | calcium homeostasis
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