Environmental Planning
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| Water Quality Issues |
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| surface water vs. groundwater |
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| nitrogen | A type of nutrient present in WW, the waste from domestic animals and fertilizers. Good in small quantities, bad if too much. Drinking water becomes hazardous when nitrogen exceeds 10 parts per million (ppm)
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| phosphorous | Good in small quantities. Bad if too much. Too much = algae growth and algae blooms - threaten ecosystem and biodiversity. Phosphorous is present in both point (WW/pipelines/etc) and non-point (stormwater runoff, ag runoff) water sources
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| eutrophication | Eutrophication refers to the impact of increased levels of nitrates and phosphorous upon aquatic ecosystems. This process can remove oxygen from the water, thereby threatening biodiversity.
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| fire flow requirements | Commercial/Industrial = 3,500 gpm
Residential = 1,500 gpm
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| Energy Consumption |
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| Increase in gas consumption over 1990s | Increased from 405 gallons per capita to 430 gallons per capita
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| Increase in house sizes | Over last 50 years, average home sizes have increased from 1,100 sf to 2,340 sf
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| R-factor | Rating of the energy system of a home. Better insulation = better R-factor. R-factor determined by fiberglass thickness and windowpanes
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| 2 reasons for biodiversity loss | 1) fragmentation and loss of habitat caused by human development; and 2) introduction of non-native species into habitats.
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| Wildlife Inventory (WI) | Lists every plant/animal species within an area and includes as much info as possible on seasonal number changes. Mapping habitats, species, topo, and land management info. Maps help identify GAPS, which are species and habitats that need protection.
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| Noise | 70-75 dBA = residential uses should be avoided. In residential areas w/ 60-70 dBA, windows should be permanently shut. dBA less than 60, no building restrictions. Many communities have max at 65 dBA. Contours help planners determine appropriate setbacks.
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| Soil classification | Soil survey maps, which help determine the best possible use of land (res, ag, industry). Over 14,000 soil types.
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| Soil classification criteria | weight-bearing capacity, shrink/swell, infiltration capacity, erodibility, slope, fertility (nutrients), seasonal high water table depth (deeper table depth = better drainage capacity).
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| Policies and Regulations |
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| Clean Air Act (CAA) | 1970. NAAQS attainment status of 6 air pollutants. NAAQS attainment status determines transportation and land use decisions to make attainment. Wind patterns/speed and temp affect ozone and air quality conditions
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| CAA Amendments | 1990. Added 189 toxic air pollutants (specific to certain industries and sources. Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
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| Clean Water Act (CWA) | 1972. formerly known as the federal water pollution control act. Navigable waters. NPDES Permits. Monitors point sources. Section 404 of CWA - can't fill wetlands w/o a permit
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| Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) | 1974. applies to every public water system. NPDWRs = national primary drinking water regulations, place limitations on contaminants (maximum containment levels - MCLs)
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| U.S. Reclamation Act | 1902. aka Newlands Act. Supplied water to arid western states. Constructed irrigation works for farmers and ag operations. Funded by the sale of public lands in the west
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| Wilderness Act | 1964. Created the national wilderness preservation system (owned by federal gov.)
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| Wetlands Reserve Program | Financial incentive for private landowners to protect, restore or improve wetlands on their property.
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| Endangered Species Act | 1973. Public and private lands. Recovery plans. Dept. of Interior issues permits. Must consult w/ FWS for takings permit.
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| Resource Conservation and Recovery Act | 1976. Regulates industrial waste. 3 programs: 1) manifest tracking system (tracks for 3 years); 2) municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill program; 3) underground storage tank program.
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| Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act | 1980.CERCLA. Superfund Act. Haz waste sites. 4 programs: 1) $1.6 billion hazardous substance response fund; 2) Superfund liability schemes (litigation); 3) national contingency plan (NCP) - sites are ranked by severity; 4) Brownfields Program
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| Coastal Zone Management Act | 1972. National coastal management program. voluntary. beach and dune management. federally funded.
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| Coastal Barrier Resources Act | 1982. protects undeveloped barrier islands. feds won't provide funding to island that plan to develop in any way including funding for non-emergency response aid and flood insurance.
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| Development of Regional Impact (DRI) | Large scale developments whose activities would impact the environment/ welfare of separate devs in other jurisdictions. Protects natural resources and wildlife habitats. 3 key aspects: 1) external planning; 2) internal planning; 3) long-term manag.
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| U.S. Soil Conservation Act | 1935. Created natural resource conservation service (originally called the soil conservation service). Goal is to prevent soil erosion.
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| Energy Policy and Conservation Act | 1975. Sets fuel standards for light duty trucks and passenger vehicles (CAFE standards) - corporate average fuel economy.
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| Energy Policy Act | 1992.Conduct programs to improve energy efficiencies; increase the use of renewable energy; reduce environmental impacts; and foster economic growth
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| Energy Policy Act | 2005. Act provides loan guarantees for entities that use innovative technologies that avoid the by-production of greenhouse gases. Another provision of the Act increases the amount of biofuel that must be mixed with gasoline sold in the United States
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| Toxic Substances Control Act | 1976. EPA tracks the production or import of industrial chemicals within the US and to ban such chemicals if they are deemed too hazardous.
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| Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | 1910. Regulates pesticide sale, use and distribution at the federal level. Must register with the EPA and get certified in order to buy and use pesticides.
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| Testing Wastewater |
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| Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) | BOD testing examines the organic matter in WW "at a certain time and temp". Measures the amount of dissolved oxygen that is used as microbes break down organic matter. High BOD = low level of dissolved oxygen within WW (threat to water's biodiversity).
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| Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) | COD test measures the amount of dissolved oxygen that is necessary for organic matter w/in the water to chemically oxidize. COD tests are a better method for monitoring and controlling wastewater than BOD tests.
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| Solids testing | Solids testing determine the amount of both inorganic and organic solids within the water. There are three classifications of solids: volatile solids; total suspended solids; and volatile suspended solids.
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