Electrical stuff
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| What is the phenomena associated w/ stationary and moving positive and negative charges? | Electricity
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| Two types of electricity: | 1. current electricity2. static electricity
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| Electricity in motion (dynamic charges) | current electricity
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| Electricity at rest (stationary charges) | Static electricity
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| What is the study of stationary electric charges? | Electrostatics
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| The unit used to measure a static charge is called the ? | Coloumb (C) named after Charles Coloumb.
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| The Coloumb (C) is a fixed (constant) number of positive or negative charges and is equal to ? | 1 C = 6.3 x 10^18 charges
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| the process of applying a positive or negative charge to a neutral object through the transfer of electrons. | Electrification
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| To make a neutral object become negative, are electrons added or removed from the object? | Added
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| To make a neutral object positive, are electrons added or removed from the object? | Removed
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| Surrounding every charged object is an ? | Electrostatic field
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| The electrostatic field has ?? as the charge on the object producing the field. | The same
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| What determines the area of the field? | The intensity (quantity) of the charge.
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| What will produce a large field, a small or big charge? | The greater the charge, the bigger the field.
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| The planet Earth is considered to be an infinite ? for electrons. | Resorvoir
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| An object is said to be grounded when it is ? connected to the ground using a material that will permit e- to easily move between the earth and the object | Physically
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| What is the primary goal for grounding throughout any facility? | Safety
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| What is the secondary goal for grounding? | Effective Lightning Protection
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| An object that is said to be positive has a ? of electrons. | Deficiency
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| What is the path flow of electrons if a positive object is electricall grounded to the earth? | Electrons will move FROM the earth into the positive object until it is neutralized.
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| An object that is negative has too few or too many electrons? | It is said to have too many.(an excess of e-)
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| What is the path flow of electrons if a negative egative object is electrically grounded to the earth? | Electrons will move from the negative object into the Earth until the object is neutralized.
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| Electrically connecting any charged object to the Earth(grounding) will ?? the object. | Instantly neutralize
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| Electrical symbol for ground | ( arrow pointing down)
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| Electrostatic Law #1 | Like charges repelunlike charges attract
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| Electrostatic law #2 states that electric charges reside where on a a charged object? | On the external surface
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| The force between two charges is ? ? to the product of their magnitudes and ?? to the square of the distance between them. | directly proportional/inversely proportional
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| Alternating current describes current that continuously ? direction as it moves through a substance. | changes
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| Direct current describes a current that moves through a substance in the ? direction. | Same
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| Which charges can move through all states of matter? (solids, gases, and liquids? | Negative
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| Which charges can only move through liquids, and gases? | Positive charges
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| As current electricity moves through matter, charges enounter ? w/ each other and atoms of matter itself. | Friction
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| Friction is also known as | Resistance
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| Electrical charges will always follow the path of ? resistance | Least
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| Any substance which permits electrical charges to move very easily through that substance. (very low resistance) | Conductor
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| gold, silver, copper, aluminum are examples of... | Conductors
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| Any substance that blocks the flow of charges through the substance. (very high resistance) describes: | Insulator
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| glass, rubber, plastic, wood are examples of: | Insulators
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| Substances that act as conductors under certain conditions and as an insulator under other conditions describes: | Semiconductors
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| germanium, silicon are known as: | semiconductors
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| Superconductors are substances that have blank resistance when operated at extremely low temp. | Superconductors
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| Nobium and Titanium are known as: | superconductors
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| Electricity that moves from positive to negative describes: | Concept of conventional flow
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| Electricity that moves from electric to positive describes: | Concept of electron flow
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| Electrician follow which concept of flow? | Conventional flow
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| Radiographers follow which concept of flow? | Electron flow
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| When one electron is inserted into one end of the conductor... | the electrons move forward until one electron is ejected on the other end.
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| The source for external electrons is... | Power Supply
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| the electron that is displaced from the conductor carries what type of energy? | Kinetic
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| What causes the electrons to move in the conductor? | A difference in poetential energy must exist between two locations to make current.
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| The force created between two locations (Potential energy difference) in the conductor is called the: | Electromotive force
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| Potential energy difference, electromotive force and ? are all synonymous. | Voltage
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| EMF causes the electrons to move from the area of ? concentration toward the area of ? concentration. | Higher to lower. (more negative to less negative)
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| The movement will continue until a ? is established throughout the substance. | Equilibrium of charge concentration
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| Unit of electromotive force is called the: | Volt
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| The number of electrons passing a given point per unit of time is a measure called: | Current Intensity
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| Current Intensity is called the: | Ampere
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| One ampere equals: | One coulomb of charge moving past a point per second. 6.3x10^18 charges
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| The inherent action which opposes the forward movement of current describes: | Resistance
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| The unit of electrical resistance is: | Ohm
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| Resistance due to the characteristic electrical conductor material itself: | Inherent resistance
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| Factors affecting inherent resistance | Length of conductor, Cross sectional area of the conductor, What the conductor is made of, Temp of conductor during current movement.
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| What is the relationship of the length of the conductor to its inherent resistance | Directly proportional (the longer the conductor, the more resistance)
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| What is the relationshiip of the cross sectional area to its' inherent resistance | They're inversely proportional (The bigger the cross sectional area, the less the resistance)
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| Elements with what type of valence and how many shells will have a lower resistance? | A valence of +1 and more shells Gold vs. silver vs. Copper
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| As the temperature increases the inherent resistance: | Increases
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| what is a fixed resistance? | Resistor
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| What is a variable resistance? | Rheostat
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| Resistor symbol | Fixed amount of resistance
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| Rheostat symbol | Variable amount of resistance
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| Added resistance in a conductor is called a ? | Load
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| The purpose for any electric circuit is ? | To create power to do work
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| Electric power is the product of ? | Current Intensity and electromotive force
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| The formula of power= | P = I x V
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| Unit of measurement for electric power is: | Watt
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| Electric circuit is a closed complete ? pathway through whhich current can move. | conductive
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| Minimum circuit requirements: | Closed conductive pathpower supplyloadon-off switch
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| What are the four types of circuits: | series, parallel, complex, short
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| Which three are functioning ciruits? | Series, parallel, complex
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| A series circuit provides only ? pathway to follow and where ? is constant at all locations throughout the circuit. | Pathway, amperage
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| Parallel Circuit provides more than one pathway for current to follow and where ? is constant across all pathways. | Voltage
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| If a circuit contains some loads that are in a series and others that are in a parallel the circuit is called ? | A complex circuit
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| If the total electrons that move through one load are the same amount of electrons that move through another load than the two loads are said to be | In series
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| If the total e- move through one load are not the same e- that move through another load than the two loads are said to be in | Parallel
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| A short circuit that contains ??? causes excessive heat to build within the circuit. | Insufficient added resistance
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| What has to be properly balanced for the circuit to operate correctly and safely? | Current Intensity (amp),electromotive force (volt), and resistance (ohm).
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| The balance is determined by what law? | Ohms law
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| Ohm's law states: | Current intensity is directly proportional to electromotive force and inversely proportional to resistance
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| what are the variations of ohms law? | I=V/R V=IR R=V/I
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| Ohm's law sates the relationship between? | Current and voltage and resistance
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| Watt's law states the relationships of: | Power, and current and voltage and resistance.
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| Watts formula: | P=IV I=P/V V=P/I (pivvir)
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| What are the four effects of electric current? | Luminous effect thermal effectMagnetic effect Chemical
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| which effects always occur? | Magnetic and thermal effect.
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| When a current is passed through a resistance, friction occurs that produces heat | Thermal effect
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| Power loss (heat production) formula | P=I^2R
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| Chemical Effect: | Placing certain chemicals b/n two electrical points (electrodes) will cause a reaction producing emf and current flow
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| Types of batteries: | Dry cell and Wet cell
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| Dry cell battery has a moist chemical paste b/n two electrodes which creates chem. reaction and producing and emf of how many volts per cell? | 1.5 volts
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| Wet cell battery has a liquid between two electrodes creates chem reaction to produce an emf of how many volts per cell? | 2.0 volts
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| Devices used to measure electrical current characteristics: | Ciruit meters
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| Anmeter measures | amperage
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| Voltmeter | voltage
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| Battery symbol | 1 cell 2 cells 4 cells
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| The ability of certain materials to attract iron: | Magntism
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| Any material that can attract a piece of ? describes a magnet. | Iron
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| Process whereby a certain material becomes a magnet | Magnetization
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| How many years ago when the magnetic phenomena was first observed? | 3000 years ago
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| where was it first discovered? | Present day Turkey (then called Magnesia)
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| The ore that was discovered was named | Magnetite
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| Magnetite is now called: | Lodestone
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| What was the first true scientific device on record that operated under the principles of magnetism? | Compass
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| The compass was created during what time? | 1000 A.D
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| Who discovered that a magnet has polarity (Poles)North and south | Peter Peregrinus
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| Who discovered that the planet Earth is one giant magnet during the 16h century? | William Gilbert
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| Who discovered that an electric current will produce a magnetic effect in 1820? | Hans Oersted
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| Who discovered that a magnetic effect can ve used to produce an electric current in 1835? | Michael Faraday
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| What are the three types of magnets? | Natural, artificial, and electromagnets
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| Natural magnet is any material that naturally exhibits the property of magnetism (not manmade) whate are the two examples? | Lodestone and Earth
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| Artificial magnet is a manmade material that exhibits the property of magnetism. What is an example? | Alnico, a strong magnet made of aluminum, nickel, and cobalt.
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| Electromagnet is a material that exhibits the property of magnetism only during the application of what? | an electric current
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| What is a conductor wire shaped into a coil? | Helix
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| When the helix is connected into a circuit so electricity moves through the coil a ? is formed? | Solenoid
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| A solenoid is also known as an? | Inductor
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| When a rod of iron is placed through the center of the coil of the solenoid what is formed? | Electromagnet
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| Magnetism law #1 states that regardless of shape/size every magnet has two poles: | North pOle and south pole
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| Magnetism law#2 states that: | Like magnetic poles repel each other, unlike magnetic poles attract each other
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| Magnetism law #3 states that the force of attraction/repulsion between two magnetic poles are directly proportional | to the product of the strengths of the poles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the poles
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| Third magnetic law is sometimes called the: | Law of Gauss
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| Surrounding every magnetic is a field magnetic energy composed of lines of force called | maagnetic flux
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| the first flux property states that flux exits the | North pole and enters the south pole
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| If some flux travel too far from the magnet w/ insufficient energy to return to the magnet it results in a loss of magnetism | Flux leakage
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| the 2nd flux property states that flux form closed loops "magnetic circuits" and the flux lines from the same magnet never? | cross over each other
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| Flux property 3 states that flux that travel in the same direction... | Repel each other and flux that travel in opposite directions attract each other
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| flux propety 4 states: | flux can be distorted by inserting a magnetic material into the flux field.
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| Whenever a magnetic material moves into the field of a magnet material becomes magnetized while remaining in the field is | magnetic induction
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| Weber's observation #1 | if a mag is broken into 2 pieces each piece becomes a magnet
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| Weber's ob 2 | If a piece of iron is hammered while lying near a magnet will become a magnet
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| Weber's ob 3 | if a piece of iron is heated while near a mag it will become a magnet
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| Weber ob 4 | If a piece of iron is rubbed w/ a mag repeatedly in the same direction it will become a mag
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| Web ob 5 | gently shaking a test tube of iron fillings while near a magnet will turn the fillings into a magnet
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| magnetic domain theory 1 | all magnetic materials are composed of atomic sized magnetics called dipoles
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| dipoles are the smallest unit of matter containing properties of a... | magnet
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| A dipole is a complete magnet w/ a north and south pole with a ? surrounding it? | Magnetic field
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| MDT 2 a magnet is formed when all dipoles are: | arranged in an orderly manner
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| the more dipoles that are arranged in the same direction: | the stronger the magnet
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| Dipoles with no orderly arrangement are not: | magnetized
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| When the dipoles are arranged in an orderly manner what is acquired? | Polarity
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| a type of dipole | an ion in motion
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| Two movements of an orbital electron: | 1. e- moves around nucleus in an orbital path2. e- spins on it's own axis as it moves toward the nucleus (orbital and axial spin)
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| a magnetic moment is formed when what is established around a moving ion? | Magnetic field
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| each type of movement creates an idividual magnetic movement: | Orbital magnetic momentSpin magnetic moment (axial)
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| Another dipole is: | A proton spinning on it's own axis within a hydrogen nucleus.
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| As a proton spins on it's own axis what is formed? | a nuclear dipole
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| Why are some elements magnetic while most are not magnetic? | Based on the spin structure of the atom within a given element resulting in magnetic moments
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| What determines the magnetic properties? | The number of electrons found in the valence shell of the atom
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| when the majority of valence e- travel in the same direction around the nucleus and spin in the same direction on their own axes | The greater is the magnetic potential for that atom
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| Atoms with a what valence electron number have more potential to become magnetic than those with a ? number of valence e-. | Odd/even
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| Atoms with even valence number will demonstrate what kind of magnetic properties? | Pretty much none since the spin motions cancel each other
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| Atoms with a 7 valence e- with seven orbiting clockwise and 0 cc | will display strong magnetic properties
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| But atoms with 7 e- with four orbiting clock and 3 orbiting cc will | demonstrate some magnetic properties but weak
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| Magnets of same substance can demonstrate varying degrees of | magnetic strength
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| Magnetic strength depends on: | Flux intensity andFlux density
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| Flux intensity is the ?? of flux in the magnetic field at a given point in time | total number
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| the greater the flux intensity | The stronger the magnet
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| Unit of flux intensity: | Weber (Wb) 1 Wb=10^8 flux lines (100,000,000)
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| Flux Density: The # of flux per unit of area of magnetic field. | the greater the flux density the stronger is the magnet
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| Unit of flux density: | Tesla (T) IT=1 Wb/m^2
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| A smaller unit of flux density is called the | Gauss
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| 1T=10,000 G | 1G =1/10000 T
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| e.g. of flux density | Planet earth: 1.0 GRefrigerator magnet= 1000 GMRI magnet 40,000 Gauss
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| All elements can be classified according to the way they interact with an | external magnetic field
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| what are the four magnetic classification of matter? | Ferromagnetic DiamagneticParamagnetic Dimagnetic
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| Ferromagnetic Material is any material that is ? attracted to a magnet | Strongly
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| examples of ferromagnetic material are | iron, cobalt, nickel
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| Paramagnetic material is any material that is ? attracted to a magnet? | Gadolinium
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| Diamagnetic Material is any element which is ? repelled by a magnet | weakly
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| examples of diamagnetic material are: | Beryllium, bismuth, and lead
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| Dimagnetic material (non-magnetic is any element which is not affected in any way by a magnet) examples are: | Plastic, wood, glass
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| Permability also known as: | Susceptability
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| Permability: | The easew/ which a substance can be magnetized
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| Retentivity: | The ability of a magnet to retains it's magnetism.
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| Substances which are high in permeability are ? in retentivity | low
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| examples of high permeability: | soft iron
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| Substances which are low in permeability are ? in rentivity. | high
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| examples of low permeability substances are: | Hard steel
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| Formula for length of conductor and inherent resistance: | L1/L2= R1/R2
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| The formula for cross sectional area and inherent resistance: | A1/A2=R2/R1
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