Vocabulary words for the red section
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| Sir Isaac Newton | 17th century physicist & mathematician considered the founder of Newtonian Physics (the physics of motion) and of integral calculus
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| Newtons's First Law of Motion | Objects remain at rest unless acted upon by some force
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| Newton's Second Law of Motion | For an object of a certain mass, the greater the force applied to the object, the greater its acceleration - or the lesser the force applied the lesser its acceleration
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| Acceleration | An object's increase in velocity over time
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| Newton's Third Law of Motion | For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
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| Gravitation | Basic natural force of attraction existing among all masses in the universe, but noticeable only in the large masses, such as planets, stars and natural satellites
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| Gravitational Field | Gravitation of a particular mass over its entire extent of influence
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| Gravity | Gravitation displayed by the earth
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| Constant | Not changing, the same under all circumstances; a value that does not vary as the gravitational acceleration in a vacuum is constant for all masses
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| Rate of Acceleration Due to Gravity | 9.8 meters per second
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| Parallel | running alongside and never crossing
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| Orbit | circular motion of an object around a central point as the result of a centripetal force and its own inertia; especially the movement of a planet around the sun or a satellite around a planet
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| Inertia | the tendency of moving objects (masses) to keep moving and of stationary objects to remain stationary unless they are acted upon by forces
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| Fluid | non-solid matter (liquids or gases) that are characterized by their tendency to flow when acted upon by forces
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| Trigonometry | series of mathematical techniques useful for analyzing cyclic patterns such as waves and curves
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| Work | a force applied over distance
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| Machine | device used in applying work for the completion of a task
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| Fulcrum | pivot point of a lever where the direction of motion changes
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| Lever | simple machine used to change the direction of motion and/or to increase either force or distance of a motion at the expense of the other
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| System | portion of the universe being considered
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| Potential Energy | energy stored in an object by doing work against force
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| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion (released energy); opposite of potential (resting) energy
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| Law of Conservation of Energy | universal principal that energy is neither created nor destroyed; it is simply transferable from one form to another
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| Generator | device for generating electricity by moving a magnetic field in the vicinity of an electrical conductor
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| Resistance | device that converts electrical energy to heat energy by collisions among its atoms and the electrons that flow through it
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| Tungsten Filament | narrow piece of wire which glows when an electric current is passed through it (used in light bulbs)
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| Mass Energy | expression of mass as a form of energy or the quantity of energy present in the form of mass
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| Atomic Bomb | explosive device that makes use of nuclear energy
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| Fossil Fuels | fuel thought to have arisen over time from the decay of biomass beneath the surface of the earth
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| Electromagnetic Force | either of two related natural attractions (electric or magnetic) between two objects having either opposite charges or opposite magnetic poles
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| Atoms | smallest stable form of matter consisting of some number of protons and neutrons in a central solid nucleus and a series of electrons held in orbit around the nucleus
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| Protons | positively charged particle having an atomic mass of 1 AMU and occurring in the nuclei of atoms
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| Neutrons | subatomic particle occurring in the nuclei of atoms, having a mass of 1 AMU but no charge
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| Electrons | one of the three fundamental particles making up atoms having a negative charge
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| Nucleus | central portion of an atom containing protons and neutrons held together by nuclear forces and around which electrons orbit
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| Repel | push apart as two like charges or similar magnetic poles
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| Charge | basic characteristics of a particle that displays a force of electrical attraction to an opposite-charged particle
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| Electric Force | force of attraction or repulsion existing between two fundamental particles (protons or electrons); one aspect of electromagnetic force
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| Static | staying the same; opposite of dynamic
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| Current | main path of travel of a fluid
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| Element | a single atom or pure substance having certain characteristic number of protons
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| Nuclear Force | natural force of attraction between protons within the nucleus of an atom that prevents them from repelling one another from the nucleus
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| Radioactive | describing atoms that give off energy and subatomic particles as their unstable nuclei decay (break up)
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| Thermometer | device for measuring temperature
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| Expansion | Spreading out of the molecules in a substance due to absorption of heat energy by the atoms and an increase in their vibration
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| Contraction | pulling together; as molecules when the cool, having less vibrational energy; opposite of expansion
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| Turbine | device for converting fluid motion into mechanical motion used to turn a shaft
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| Locomotion | movement from place to place
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| Interaction | any result of an encounter among objects
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| Chemical | specific type of matter distinguished from other types based on the specific elements making it up and how they are bound to one another
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| Chemical Reactions | interactions of chemical compounds to form new combinations of elements drawn to these changes by the forces that exist between their atoms
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| Light | electromagnetic radiation, especially in the visible band of wavelengths
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| Spectrum | entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
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| Infrared | electromagnetic radiation (light) having energies lower than those of the red end of the visible spectrum
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| Ultraviolet | band of electromagnetic spectrum more energentic than visible violet light
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| Wavelength | distance from wave crest to wave crest in a series of waves and indicating the amount of energy generating the series of waves (the shorter wavelengths corresponding to higher levels of energy)
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| Fluorescent | type of light bulb filled with a gas or vapor that gives off light energy (fluoresces) when an electric charge is placed across it
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| Incandescent | type of light bulb consisting of a narrow wire called a filament that glows brightly when an electric current is applied across it
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| Color | perception & interpretation by the brain of different energies (or wavelengths) of electromagnetic energy (light)
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| Pigment (Chemical) | chemical that absorbs light, giving it a characteristic color
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| Glare | reflected light from a surface that interferes with clear vision
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| Translucent | passing distorted light such that images may not be clearly seen
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| Prism | angular glass device used for splitting a beam of light into its component colors
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| Lens | piece of curved glass specially shaped for bending light as in scientific instruments and optical devices (e.g. binoculars, reading glasses)
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| Magnification | increase in the apparent size due to passage of light through one or more lenses
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| Bicovex | lens which is thinner at the outer edges and increasingly thicker towards its center due to the bulging of each of the two opposing surfaces; makes things appear bigger
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| Biconcave | lens which is ticker at the outer edges and increasingly thinner toward its center due to the concavity of each of the two opposing surfaces; makes thing appear smaller
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