BC 351- Unit 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| all cancers originate from | a single cell
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| ____ Americans will develop cancer | 2/5 (half of these will die from it)
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| benign tumor | grows, but does not invade surrounding tissue
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| malignant tumor | invades surrounding tissue
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| metastasis | colonization of other sites
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| carcinoma | epithelial tissues- 80% of deaths
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| sarcoma | non-epithelial tissues (connective, fat, bone, muscle)
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| leukemia | cancerous cells in blood circulation
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| lymphoma | solid tumors of the lymph nodes
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| melanoma | cancerous melanocytes
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| _____ especially increase sharply w/ age | carcinomas
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| the incidence of cancer increases dramatically w/ age due to | the time required to accumulate approximately 6 changes in a cell
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| cancer risk factors (4) | carcinogens, chemicals, physical, lifestyle
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| physical cancer risk factors | radiation (x-rays)
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| lifestyle cancer risk factors | nuns (no children- increased incidents of breast cancer)
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| ____% of cancers appear avoidable | 80-90
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| the kinds of cancers children get are | the most curable (not carcinomas)
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| 'omics | profiles which genes are expressed in normal cells & in specific cancer cells
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| Gleevec | blocks binding of substrate to mutant ABL cells (leukemia)
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| small molecule drug active area | binds to site thru non-covalent interactions (in place of normal ligand)
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| the process of anti-cancer drug discovery | recently has begun to employ compound libraries produced through combinatorial chemistry
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| targets vs. drugs | targets are enzymes, drugs enter plasma membrane
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| drug resistance is a constant problem in anticancer therapy that can be addressed by | giving patients multiple drugs that inhibit 2 or 3 oncoproteins found in a particular cancer
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| 4 types of macromolecules | saccharides, proteins, membranes, nucleic acids
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| electronegativity of an atom refers to | how strongly it attracts and holds electrons
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| what protein groups clash and what angle can remedy it? | C=O and R groups; psy angle
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| most peptides are in what conformation? | trans (1000:1) ratio trans:cis
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| what amino acid contradicts the cis/trans rule? | proline (4:1 trans:cis) -> steric strain b/w ring structure and other alpha carbon
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| carbon compound functional groups | have properties largely determined by how they interact with water molecules
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| for rxn a->b, what is the effect of decreasing the enthalpy of b 2x relative to a? | there will be more b than a at equilibrium
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| for rxn a->b, what is the effect of decreasing the entropy of b 2x relative to a? | there will be more a than b at equilibrium
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| for rxn a->b w/ A 3x b | delta G will be negative
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| the polar/nonpolar nature of amino acid R groups are difficult to measure using free amino acids because | of the polar amino and carboxy groups at each end
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| how to measure polarity of R groups | but R groups alone in water and organic solvent
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| what is true w/ respect to amino acid composition | proteins w/ different functions usually differ significantly in their amino acid composition
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| most important contribution to a protein's conformation is | entropy increase from the decrease in ordered water molecules forming a solvent shell around it
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| what pairs of bonds w/in a peptide show free rotation? | Ca-C and N-Ca
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