Age of Unification
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| what was the crimean war? | Russia wants to extend control over ottoman provinces walachia and moldavia --> ottomans, britain, france, piedmont all declare war
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| what were the 2 disputes that led to crimean war | russia's protection over orthodox christians in OE, russia wants to control 2 ottoman provinces
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| what were the terms of the treaty of paris? | russia surrenders territory, black sea control, protectorship of orthodox christians
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| significance of crimean war | russia not a great power anymore, shattered Concert of Europe, reform in ottoman empire
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| what was tanzimat? 3 goals | period of reform in ottoman empire to liberalize economy, end tax farming, and get rid of corruption
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| what was the hatti i humayun | spelled out equal military + education rights of nonmuslims in OE
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| why was reform difficult in the OE? | independent rulers, power struggles, regional nationalism
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| underlying theme of reform in OE | reduce muslim authority in government
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| who was giussepi mazzini? | famous mid 19th century Italian nationalists + romantic republican
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| who was garibaldi? | romantic republican who captured S Italy but accepted piedmont leadership for sake of unification
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| who was camilo cavour | liberal prime minister of piedmont who unified italy
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| What were cavour's policies? | strong monarchy, material and economic progress unites italians, need french help
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| how did cavour use war to unite italy | helped french in crimean war, drove austria from N italy with french help
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| 3 problems that italy faced after unification | economic differences between urban north and rural South, resentment from clergy/republicans, corruption in gov
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| why was german unification single most important late 1800s poltiical development | transformed balance of power in europe
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| what was the german confederation | loose federation of 39 states whose reps met in frankfurt
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| why did the prospect of unification seem remote in 1850s | states trading, prussia given up, austria opposed unification, liberal weak
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| who was otto von bismarck and what did he believe | conservative prussian prime minister who wanted german unification + strong const monarchy and army, anti-liberal
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| why did bismarck embrace nationalism | to allow conservatives to defeat liberals
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| bismarks vision of united germany | german states united but excludes austria
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| what was the danish war, and significance | prussia + austria take back schleswig and holstein provinces from denmarck, which increases bismarck's power
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| result of austro prussian war/treaty of prague | italy gets venetia, austrians excluded form german affairs and prussia is most powerful german state
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| what were the provisions of the north german confederation | each state has a local gov, federal military, president, bicameral legislature of bundesrat and reichstag
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| what was the reichstag and how much power did it have | lower leglislative house that couldnt make laws and was responsible to monarch
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| how did bismarck crush prussian liberals | made monarch + army the most popular institution s in the country
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| why did bismarck want the franco prussian war | to complete unification of N and S Germany
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| what happened to spainish crown in 1868? how did france react | isabella replaced with Hohenzollern Prince leopold, and france objects
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| why did france later declare war on prussia | prussia insulted them and napolean III thought a victory would renew support for empire
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| outcome of franco prussian war/hall of mirrors at versailles | german empire delcared with states ruled by princes all under emperor william, germany got french land and &
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| what were the effects of german unification on europe | strong new state in central europe, hurt liberalism, austria + france weakeened and need reform
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| what did france change to and what did austria change | france went to republicanism, and austrians make peace with magyars
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| describe france during Napolean III early rule (1850s) | authoritarian rule where he controlled legislature and press, supported by army and church, protected property
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| what was france like after 1860 | Napoleon more liberal and failing at foreign policy + domestic popularity
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| what happened at battle of sedan | end of second empire bc napolean captured and paris declared republic
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| what was the paris commune | paris's separate gov, made of different kinds of radicals and socialists, wanted independent democrative enclaves
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| what was the 3rd republic | simple republic with chamber of deputies elected by universal male suffrage, senate, and elected president
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| what was the dreyfus affair | french captain dreyfus convicted of selling info to germans, conservatives think he's guily and liberal support him
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| what was the significance of the affair | radicals + republicans + socialists ally and conservatives weakened
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| how was the habsurg empire different from majority of europe | other places were liberal + insustrial but habsurbg was absolute, agrarian
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| what signaled the need for reform | loss of italy
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| what was the february patent? | set up new gov in austria with reichsrat, or bicameral imperial parliament that did not hold much power
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| what was the ausgliech | comromise of 1867 where austria and hungary united into dual monarchy
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| how did other nationalities in austria feel about the magyar indepenedence | opposed it because allowed austrians + magyars to dominate
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| what did the czechs of bohemia want | trialist triple monarchy
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| what became the most important factor in defining a nation | language
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| what types of people dominated nationalist groups | intellectuals, middle class
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| how did unrest of nationalities create problems? | nationals want to form states with nationals outside of empire --> disrupts foreign policy
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| what showed need for russian reform | defeat in crimean war + cultural gap from rest of europe
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| what was a major serfdom reform of alexander II and what were the problems | abolition of serfdom, but serfs did not have titles to land and were in debt
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| how did alexander reform the military | less brutal, period of service lowered + relaxed discipline
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| what were the gov reforms and judicial reforms | village commune replace feudal system and more organized, fairer judicial system, zemstovs councils, less corrupt
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| what happened in poland? | rebellion put down, serfs emancipated, russian gov imposed on poland and showed tsar not a true reformer
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| what is populism | radical revolution adopted by russian intellectuals based on life of peasants
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| what did killing of tsar alexander show | revolutionaries were violent + determined
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| policies of alexander III | repressive, supported censorship, bureaucracy + secret police
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| how was great britain different from the continental nations | did not have to create new liberal institutions
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| why did many believe in expanding the electorate | prosperity + social responsibility of working class
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| what was disraeli's Second Reform Bill, reason for it | expanded electorate so working class was included, to gain support for conservative party
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| what were disraeli's views | conservative, legistlation solves social problems, focus on foreign power, did not support irish home rule
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| what was gladstone | liberal, free trade solves social problems, focus on domestic, supported irish home rule
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| how was gladstone's ministry classic liberal? 4 ways | civil service uses ability, meritocracy, religious requirements gone, better education
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| what was the education act of 1870 | gov assumed responsibility of running elementary schools
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| what 3 reforms were made by disraeli | public health act, artisan dwelling act, protection to trade unions
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| what was home rule? | irish control of local gov
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| what 2 concessions did gladstone give to irish in 1860s and 70s | disestablished anglican church to catholics dont have to pay taxes, land act to aid irish tenant farmers
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| how did ireland finally achieve home rule | in 1903 conservatives sponser land act that makes ireland a country of small farms but dont really have independence until after WWI
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| significance of irish question -2 things | problems for britain, liberal party split
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