AP EURO SEM 1 FINAL
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| What happened in 1453? | Fall of Constantinople/Turks; marked end of byzantine empire and italy's trade began to shrink
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| What happened in 1492? | Spanish voyage of Columbus starts, offset 3 centuries of conquest/ trade with new world
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| What happened in 1517? | Martin Luther makes 95 Theses, challenged indulgences and promoted sola fide
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| What happened in 1588? | English defeat Spanish Armada; spain never fully recovered and gave heart to protestant resistance
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| What happened in 1648? | Treaty of Westphalia; ended 30 years war and said rulers had right to determine relgiion of subjects
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| What happened in 1688? | Glorious Revolution; James II peacefully replaced by William and Mary as English monarchs and marks beginning of constitutional monarchy in England
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| What happened in 1740? | War of Austrian Succession; Frederick II siezed Austrian province of Silesia and shatters Pragmatic Sanction, Maria Theresa reconquers it and preserved Habsburg power,
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| What happened in 1789? | French Revolution Begins; marks beginning of new political order in france
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| What happened in 1815? | Napolean exiled and Holy Alliance formed at Congress of Vienna,
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| What happened in 1848? | Revolutions of 1848; liberals want more representation and working class more rights, after this middle class stopped being revolutionary
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| Define renaissance? what were the 3 characteristics | period of transition from medieval to modern times; centralized govs, economy based on commerce, people/gov control culture
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| what happened to italian city states in 13th and 14th century? | dominated bc trade + pope and emperor busy fighting while merchant oligarchies grew
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| what were the 5 main city states? | Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples, Papal states
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| who was cosimo de medici | wealthy/powerful florentine businessman, patron of arts
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| What is humanism | scholarly study of latin/greek classics both for its own sake + to revive ancient values
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| how did scholastics differ from humanists? | scholastics believed in tradition and authority, humanists classical and more open minded
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| Who was Petrarch? | Father of humanism
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| how was renaissance art different from medieval? | focused on natural world
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| What was Treaty of Lodi | Brought Milan and Naples into alliance with Florence so Italy could maintain balance of power/defend against enemies
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| what was pope julius II called? major accomplishment | called warrior pope because of military conquest, drove the french out of italy
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| what did machiavelli most want? what did he write | for city-states to stop fighting so they could drive out foreign armies, wrote Prince on how a prince should be despotic
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| What big change happened in gov in renaissance? what were 2 effects? | feudal monarchies --> centralized monarchies, national armies and taxes on poor
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| What were Ferdinand and Isabella's 4 main accomplishments in Spain? | subdued nobility, secured borders, military conquests, christianized spain
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| WHo was erasmus? | northern humanist/relgious reformer who wanted to combine classical ideals with christian ideals
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| What was the Black Legend? | Bartolome de las Casa's idea about how spanish treatment of native americans was inhumane
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| what contributed to the growing lay criticism of the church? | laity becoming more educated bc printing press
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| causes of protestant reformation | more educated laypeople, towns taking stand against gov, peasants want liberation, princes want to weaken church
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| what was the modern devotion? | boarding school for laypeople who watned to practice individual piety
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| Luther's main doctrine | sola fide; justification by faith alone
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| what is an indulgence | permitted people to buy their way out of purgatory for sins
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| what happened at diet of worms/ | Luther presented his views to Emperor Charles V and the German states. Luther was ordered to withdraw but refused
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| Who was Charles V` | Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant reformation, rejected luther
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| What were the Habsburg Valois wars? | spain and france fight major wars over italian territory
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| How did Luther's relationship with the peasants change? Why | first he supported the peasants because he thought they should have rights but then they started revolting so he called them un-christian (he didn't want to be part of a peasant revolt)
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| who was zwingli and major ideas? | leader of swiss reformation,believed in clerical marriage and authority of scripture
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| What was the marburg colloquy? | Meeting that tried to solve the Martin Luther and Zwingli disputes; bc zwingli believed christ only spiritually present in the eucharist
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| who were the anabaptists? who was their leader? | radical protestant group that rejected infant baptism; conrad grebel
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| main calvinist ideas, stronghold | predestination (god has already decided if u are going to heaven or hell) Geneva
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| what did the Diet of augsburg do | that all Lutherans revert to catholicism,didnt work because reformation was too strong
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| What did the Peace/Treaty of Augsburg do? What was the effect? who did it not give rights to? | It made the division of Christendom permanent by letting ruler of land decide its religion --> lutheranism becomes HRE religion, not anabaptists or calvinists
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| what was the reason for the reformation parliament in england | so that henry could marry ann boleyn
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| what was the act of supremacy? | Established the English Monarch as head of the Church of England.
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| What was the act of uniformity?who was it a win for | imposed thomas cranmer's book of common prayer on all english churches; protestants
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| who were the jesuits? main ideal and leader | main counter reformation group, complete obedience to church; ignatius of loyola
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| what did the council of trent do? | reaffirmed catholic ideals, some reforms like stopped benefice system and clergy had to be educated
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| what characterized the late 15 and early 16th c in europe | religious wars
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| what are politiques | a ruler who keeps political unity by promoting religious tolerance
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| who were the guises | powerful french family associated with militant catholicism, wanted to take throne
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| who were the bourbons | rivaling french family who were protestants
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| who was catherine de medicis? | queen regent for son Charles IX, king of france. tried to be in between the 2 sides (guises and Protestants)
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| what happened at st bartholomew day massacre? what was the impact? | the crown ordered thousands of Huguenots + Coligny to be murdered in Paris, supported by Catherine de medicis; changed it from a french religious struggle to international struggle
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| what was the new protestant resistance theory | focused on political resistance --> lower magistrates had right to oppose rulers if they were being tyrannical
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| who was king phillip the II of spain | extremely catholic, brought spain power until armada defeated
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| Who was Henry of Navarre | french king who was a politque bc converted from Protestantism to Catholicism to keep peace
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| Edict of Nantes and effect | gave Huguenots rights of public worship, access to universities/offices, rights to fortify towns ONLY in their own towns
turned long hot war into long cold war
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| Who was Mary Tudor | english queen who reinstated catholicism and persecuted protestants
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| who were puritans | extreme protestants who followed calvinist model and wanted autonomous congregations
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| what was the revolt in the netherlands, who led it, and what was the outcome? | dutch protestants revolt against phillip's catholic rule, william of orange, get independence in 12 years truce and spain weakened
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| 4 causes of 30 years war | politically/religiously divided germany, protestant vs catholic conflict
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| who was Albrecht of Wallenstein | mercenery general who fought for Holy roman emperor and broke protestants in denmark
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| who was gustavas adolphus? | protestant swedish king who won battle of breitinfield that was turning point in war
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| what did the treaty of westphalia do" | ended 30 years war, reaffirmed that territories determine own religion, calvinism became legal, HRE dissolved, independence of Sweden + netherlands
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| main effects of 30 years war | germany destroyed, germany weakened, ended wars of religion, france as main power
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| Who was James I | Scottish king who became English king after Elizabeth, anti-parliament, wanted Anglicanism so faced problems with Puritans
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| WHo was Charles I | English king who was anti-parliament, pro Anglican religious conformity
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| Oliver Cromwel | Led the Puritan Republic in England which turned into hated military dictatorship
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| Charles II | Led the restoration monarchy that gave monarchy authority over Parliament, anglicanism as supreme religion
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| Glorious Revolution | William of Orange came to England and took over without a fight, James II fled
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| Fronde | French noble rebellions that taught Louis to not use heavy-handed policies
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| Louis XIV | French absolute ruler who believed in divine right, controlled nobility, passed Revocation of Edict of Nantes which suppressed Protestants
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| Philip V | Spanish king who inherited Habsburg lands, reason for War of Spanish Succession
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| Battle Of Lepanto | Turks loses control of Mediterranean in naval battle vs Spain + others, hurts Ottoman expansion
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| Austrian Habsburgs | ruled Habsburg empire that had lots of territories around Europe
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| Hohenzollerns , who were they led by | ruled Prussian empire, led by Great Elector who built an army and royal government
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| Romanovs, who were they led by | ruled Russian empire, led by Peter the Great who centralized gov and built navy
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| Great Northern War | Russian war against Sweden to control Baltic in which Russia won, which gave them influence in Europe
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| What were the 4 reasons for rise of of netherlands? the decline | Urban life, Farming , Trade + Finance, Overseas Empire ; decline because lost leadership and industries
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| how did Louis XIV make absolute gov in france; what were the effects | divine right, controlled nobility, made parlements, relgious conformity; france becomes superior power
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| what happened in war of spanish succession; what was the result | War over Habsburg lands where France fought everyone else and lost bc poor finance and weapons; france weakened and england gets territories
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| What was the pragmatic sanction | charles Vi has no male heirs, so establishes single line of inheritance so his daughter could rule the empire which maintains future habsburg rule
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| what happened to the ottoman empire in 17th/18th c? | Lost power because less advanced compared to other European powers
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| ptolemaic system | belief in earth-centered/geocentric universe
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| Copernicus main idea+ work | introduced idea of heliocentric universe, wrote On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
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| Kepler main idea + work | said paths of planets elliptical not circular, wrote New Astronomy
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| Galileo 2 ideas + works | saw new stars + moons through telescope and said universe subject to math, wrote Starry Messenger and Letters on Sunspots
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| Newton | was father of physics, made laws of gravity and practiced empiricism, wrote Principia Mathematica
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| Bacon | father of empiricism, opposed scholastic belief that everything had already been discovered
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| Empiricism | belief that one must observe phenomena before trying to explain them
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| Mechanism | explains the world in mechanical terms
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| Descartes | developed scientific method (deductive reasoning) beyond empiricism, wrote Discourse on Method
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| Margaret Cavendish | woman who contributed to scientific literature with Observations upon Experimental Philosophy
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| Maria Winkelmann | worked with her husband to make astronomical calendar, used guild to advantage
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| John Lock famous work, views on gov, view on human nature | Treatise on Government; ruler can be overthrown if tyrannical, human nature is good and blank slate
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| Thomas Hobbes famous work, views on gov, view on human nature | Leviathan, absolute gov, human nature is selfish and needs ruler to escape that state
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| What was the taille | Old Regime French land tax that nobles were exempt from
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| Junker | Prussian nobles who had power in courts + over serfs
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| . Peter the Great | Russian ruler who sought to control nobility through Table of Ranks
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| Table of Ranks | equated Russian nobles status to state service
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| Parlements | French regional judical bodies made of nobles
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| Enclosures | fencing of common lands to commercialize agriculture
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| What was the aristrocatic resurgence? | nobility’s reaction to threat they felt from expanding monarchies, so made it harder to become a noble and increased taxes on peasants
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| what was pugachev's rebellion? | larges 18th c peasant rebellion in russia,
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| what was the main factor in 18th c population growth? what did it lead to | more food; high demand for goods, new labor force
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| cause of industrial revolutiotn; effects | need to meet demand of consumer economy, increased wealth; labor as a commodity, ubranization, growth of capital cities/ports, women lose importance,
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| what was the transatlantic slave trade | goods exchanged for slaves in africa,
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