WVSOM Class of 2012 Glycolysis Reactions
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| at the end of the first, preparative phase of glycolysis, what two events occur? | 1. 2 ATP have been expended to activate molecules 2. two triose-phosphate molecules are formed from each glucose molecule.
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| at the end of the second phase of glycolysis, for each glucose oxidized, what has happened? | (1) two NAD+ have been reduced to 2 NADH (2)4 ATP have been produced (a net of 2 ATP are produced overall)
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| hexokinase and glucokinase are what kind of molecules? | isoenzyme forms of the same enzyme
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| where does glucokinase occur? | liver
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| function of glucokinase? | processes excess glucose for storage as glycogen or conversion to triglyceride
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| what is the only site that can reverse or dephosphorylate glucose-6-phosphate and export glucose? | liver
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| what enzyme regulates glycolysis? | Phosphofructokinase (PFK1)
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| NAD+ is reduced to NADH by what molecule? | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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| is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? | anaerobic
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| what are the starting materials for glycolysis? | glucose, NAD+, ADP (ATP)
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| Products of aerobic glycolysis? | Pyruvate, NADH, ATP, (ADP)
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| Products of anaerobic glycolysis? | Lactate, ATP, NAD+
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| The two ATP producing reactions are catalyzed by? | phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase
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| Is glycolysis Reversible? | Overall, glycolysis has a large negative ΔG and cannot be reversed
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| site of glycolysis? | cytosol
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| can acetyl coa be converted to pyruvate? | no
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| under anaerobic conditions, what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis? | reduced to lactate and exported from the cell
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| 3 uses for pyruvate? | (1)Pyruvate may be converted to oxaloacetate for TCA Cycle (or other) use (2)Pyruvate may be transaminated to alanine (3) Pyruvate may be used in fatty acid synthesis
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| what is the function of a dehydrogenase? | Dehydrogenases catalyze different oxidation / reduction reactions
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| what happens if a dehydrogenase also oxidizes carbon to CO2? | it is a decarboxylase as well as a dehydrogenase
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| for glycolysis to continue, what needs to happen to NADH? | NADH needs to be reoxidized
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| Most pyruvate carbons enter the TCA cycle as what? | acetyl coa
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| Pyruvate dehydrogenase does what? is pdh reversible? | converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA; no
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| what is the first, activating reaction of glycolysis? | production of Glucose-6-P
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| Production of Glucose-6-P is catalyzed by what? | hexokinase or glucokinase
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| what tissues have low aerobic cell ATP production? | eye, skin cells
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| in the fasted state, what can lactate be used for? | gluconeogenesis
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| what cycle can be used in the anaerobic fasted state? | cori cycle
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| NADH produced by glycolysis needs to be reoxidized for what two reasons? | to maintain NAD+ availability and to utilize NADH electrons to produce ATP (e.g., linking the glycolytic process with aerobic metabolism.)
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| what happens In the glycerol-phosphate shuttle? | electrons from cytosolic NADH are moved to mitochondrial FADH2
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| what happens in the malate-aspartate shuttle? | transamination is used to achieve electron membrane crossing, NADH is produced
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| what occurs as LDH reduces pyruvate to lactate? | Anaerobic reoxidation of NADH to NAD+
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| Aerobic NADH reoxidation to NAD+ occurs via what process? | oxidative phosphorylation
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| what happens to the electrons in the malate-aspartate shuttle | The electrons are placed on to a mitochondrial NAD+, forming NADH.
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| in hypoxia, what happens to 2,3-BPG in RBC's? | increases
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| in what state can lactate be used for gluconeogenesis? | fasted
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| what kind of molecule is PDH? | decarboxylase
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| wnat enzyme adds phosphate from ATP to a molecule’s hydroxyl group? | kinase
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| what enzyme relocates functional groups within a molecule to produce different isomers? | isomerase
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| what enzyme catalyzes different oxidation / reduction reactions? | dehydrogenase
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| in production of glucose-6-phosphate, what is required for energy and what is the catalyst? | atp is required, hexokinase is the catalyst
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