Board review physio
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| Chemoreceptors in the _______ function as part of the inspiratory and expiratory control center | Medulla Oblongata
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| The medulla oblongata is sensitive to ___ and ____, while the peripheral chemoreceptors, ____ and _____ are primarily sensitive to PCO2. | CO2 and H+, carotid and aortic bodies
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| Respiration is stimulated by ______ | increased PCO2, increased H+, and low PO2
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| The apneustic and pneumotaxic center lie in the ______, and function to _______. | Pons, limit the duration of inspiration and increase respiration rate
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| In diabetes mellitus, the body is in which state? | metabolic acidosis (inc in ketone bodies)
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| During vomiting the body is in metabolic alkalosis, what is happening to the H+ cencentration, PCO2 and respiration? | decrease in H+ and inhibited respiration causes an inc in PCO2 and inc in H+
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| In metabolic acidosis, what is happening? | Respiration is stimulated causing you to blow off CO2, thus lowering the H+ concentration
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| Hyperventilation causes respiratory _______, low ___ and ____. | alkalosis, H+ and PCO2
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| With hyperventilation, why breath into a bag? | Re-breathing expired air inc PCO2 and returns pH to normal
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| With hypoventilation you are experiencing respiratory ____. | acidosis (low pH)
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| The neurohypophysis is connected to the brain via what? | Supraoptic Hypophyseal Tract
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| What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? | ADH/vasopressin and Oxytocin
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| This hormone, _____, creates aquaporins in the ______ of the kidney to reabsorb H2O and inc BP | ADH, collecting duct
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| _______ causes milk let down and causes uterine contractions during labor | Oxytocin
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| What hormone stimulates milk production post partum? | Prolactin
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| The anterior pituitary is influenced in two ways, what are they? | 1. Negative feedback
2. Releasing factors from the hypothalamus
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| GH Releasing Factor is responsible for releasing what two hormones from the Anterior Pituitary? | 1. GH
2. Somatostatin
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| An increase in GH produces ____, while a decrease produces _____ | gigantism, dwarfism
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| What hormone stimulates the adrenal gland? | ACTH (Corticotropin)
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| What stimulates sperm production in males? | FSH
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| The hormone, _____, stimulates ______ to produce Testosterone | LH, interstitial cells of Leydig in the testes
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| What is responsible for ovulation in females? | LH
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| ______ hormone takes calcium out of the ____ and puts it into ______ | Calcitonin, blood, bone
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| Where is the melanocyte stimulating hormone produced? | Pars Intermedia
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| The ______ cells of the thyroid produce its major hormone ______, that functions to regulate metabolism | parafollicular, calcitonin
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| The major horm from the thyroid is ______, but the active form in the body is _____ | Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3)
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| Decreased TH in children produces ____, while in adults it produces _____ | cretin, myedema
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| Graves disease is related to an ______ in TH | increased
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| Parathyroid hormone ______ blood calcium, _____ reabsorption of phosphate | increases, decreases
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| What hormone takes Ca out of bone and puts it in blood? | PTH/Parathyroid hormone/Parathorome
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| A decrease in PTH causes ____ while an increase causes ______ | muscle twitching/tetany, BP
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| From the capsule to the medulla, name the layers of the adrenal cortex and the major hormone that they produce. | capsule
1. Zona Glomerulosa: Aldosterone
2. Zona Fasciculata: Cortisol
3. Zona Reticularis: Androgens
medulla
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| What hormone is increased with osteitis fibrosa cystica? | PTH
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| Aldosterone _____ Na excretion and ____ K+ excretion in the distal tubule of the kidneys | reduces, increases
(aka reabsorbs Na and H2O, excrete K+)
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| Low calcium would affect the ___ gland while high calcium affects the ____ gland | parathyroid, thyroid
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| What energy sources is cortisol involved in the metabolism of? This causes your blood sugar to ___ and your WBC count to ____ | carbohydrate, fats, proteins
stay up/raise, drop
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| The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus produces | Oxytocin
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| The adrenal medulla is derived from ______ and secretes _______ | neural crest cells, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi)
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| NE and Epi are secreted in response to _____ and function to _______ | sympathetic stimulation, raise blood sugar from the liver
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| Somatostatin is a horm that is produced in two places, ___ and ____, causing the inhibition of separate hormones | 1. hypothalamus (inh GH)
2. delta cells of the pancreas (inh insulin, glucagon, gastrin, secretin, renin)
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| A peptide hormone, ______, is formed in the liver to mediate the affects of GH on _______ | Somatomedin, cartilage
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| FSH stimulates the ______ to produce what hormone? | ovarian follicle, Estrogen
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| Progesterone is produced by the _____ functioning to _____ | corpus luteum, 1.inc uterine lining
2. inc body temp
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| Estrogen is high during the ___ stage of the menstrual cycle while progesterone is high during ______ stage. | Proliferative phase (1st stage)
Secretory/ 2nd stage (after ovulation)
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| The pancreas produces what three hormones and from what cells? | 1. Insulin from beta cells
2. Glucagon from alpha cells
3. Somatostatin from delta cells
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| Which hormone is also called the thermogenic hormone? | Progesterone (for its ability to inc body temp)
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| The ______ plexus is in the muscular layer of the GI tract while the _____ plexus is in the sumucosa. | Myenteric/Auerbach
Meissner
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| Digestion of starch begins in the mouth with this form of amylase | Ptyalin
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| ______ cells produce HCL which then stimulates ____ cells to produce pepsinogen | Parietal cells, Chief cells
(the chief drinks pepsi)
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| This substance is involved with the absorption of vit B12 and is produced by parietal cells in the stomach | Intrinsic factor
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| Gastrin, which increases _______ secretions, is released from what cells? | gastric, mucosa cells of the stomach
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| How does secretin influences the pancreas, duodenum and the stomach? | 1. Stimulates the flow of pancreatic juices (amylase & lipase)
2. buffers acid chyme
3. decreases gastric motility
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| These hormone is released from the small intestine in response to fat in the diet. | CCK Cholecystokinin and enterogastrone
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| What are two hormones that close the pyloric sphincter? | enterogastrone and CCK
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| What two hormones break down proteins that are activated by Enterokinase? | Trypsin and chymotrypsin
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| What hormone causes the contraction of the gall bladder and stops the action of gastrin? | CCK (to digest fats!)
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| What structure in the kidney filters blood? | Glomerulus
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| What is the fate of proteins and glucose in the blood when it is filtered? | Proteins don't pass through (ALL amino acids are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule)
Glucose can pass through
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| The Loop of Henle has two separate affects on water, what are they? | Descending limb: Osmotic P moves water into interstitial ts
Ascending limb: impermeable to water
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| Sodium is normally reabsorbed in three areas, what are they and what is the main one? | Prox tubule (most)
Ascending limb
Distal tubule
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| What promotes reabsorption at the peritubular capillaries? | 1. Colloid osmotic pressure
2. Hydrostatic pressure
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| Where is the most Cl- absorbed? | Prox tubule
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| K+ and H+ are normally secreted at the ______ | distal tubule
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| Where is the most water and glucose reabsorbed? | Prox tubule
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| Interlobar artery flows into the ______, that detects a decrease in blood ___ and ____ | Afferent arteriole, pressure and volume
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| Aldosterone has the most affect at which part of the kidney? | distal tubule
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| Renin is released in response to ____, by ______ into the blood | decreased BP and blood volume, JG cells
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| The liver produces ______ that is cleaved by renin into angiotensin I | Angiotensionogen
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| The enzyme ____ in the _____ cleaves Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II | ACE/Angiotensin converting enzyme, lung
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| What is the function of Angiotensin II? | 1. Stim thirst
2. VC vessels
3. Stim ADH
4. St adrenal cortex to secrete Aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa
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| Where does the substance urine officially start? | collecting ducts
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| The major caylx flows into _____, which flows into the renal pelvis | renal sinus
(minor caylx -> major caylx -> renal sinus -> renal pelvis -> ureter)
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| Blood flows from the glomerulus into what? | Efferent arteriole
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| This is a law that states that anterior spinal roots are motor and dorsal are sensory | Bell Mangendie
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| In Boyles law, for a volume of gas one variable remains constant while two others vary inversely | at constant temp, a volume of gas varies inversely with pressure
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| The majority of carbon dioxide is found in what form? | HCO3 bicarbonate ion (70%)
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| Charles law states what? | at constant pressure, a volume of gas varies directly with absolute pressure
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| the solubility of gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas is what law? | Henry
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| 23% of carbon dioxide is found in what form? | in combination with hemoglobin
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| What does ventricular pressure depend on? | muscular tension, size and shape of the heart - this is LaPlace law
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| Frank Starlings law states what? | Cardiac output is directly proportional to diastolic filling, or CO = Venous Return
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| What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood? | 7%
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| What is it called when you can not pump all of the blood out of your heart? | congestive heart failure
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| What is the most common cause of left sided heart failure? | hypertension
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| What two arteries carry de-oxygenated blood? | Pulmonary artery and Umbilical artery
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| Which vessel has the highest concentration of blood in the body? | Pulmonary vein
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| What percentage of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin? | 97%
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| How is the pacemaker of the heart stimulated to contract? | it is self excitatory
(SA node is the pacemaker)
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| The pacemaker is excitatory to ________, then to the _____ which delays the impulse | internodal pathways, AV node
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| What sends an impulse to the ventricles? | Purkinje system
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| Where is the pacemaker of the heart located? | crista terminalis of the RA
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| What does the P wave represent in an EKG? | atrial depolarization (atrial contraction to get the last 30% of the blood out of the atria) Also called End diastolic filling time
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| Isovolumetric contraction is represented by what? | PR interval - impulse delayed so the ventricles can build tension
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| What represents atrial repolarization in an EKG? | nothing, it is covered up by the QRS complex
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| What represents repolarization of the papillary muscles? | U wave
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| What would it mean if your patient had an altered ST segment? | myocardial infarction/acute cardiac failure
(could also cause an inverted T wave)
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| Right sided heart failure is causing backup in the IVC, where would it backup from there? | liver and legs
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| What is the most common cause of isolated right sided heart failure? | lung condition/corpulmonaly
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| How would a primary heart block show up on an EKG? | elongated PR interval
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| What is heard during the 1st heart sound? | closure of AV valves during isometric contraction
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| In an EKG, what signifies the end of systole? | Dicrotic notch
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| Tricuspid stenosis would occur in diastole or systole? | Diastole
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| What two variables would give you a persons Inspiratory Capacity? | IRV + TV (inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume)
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| Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume all together would represent what? | vital capacity
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| What is your tidal volume controlled by? | pneumotaxic center
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| To take a deep breath you must shut off _____ with ______. | pneumotaxic center, apneustic center
(represents TV + IRV)
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| All respiration is controlled by what? | Dorsal motor nucleus of the Vagus nerve
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| Would an aortic stenosis be diastolic or systolic? | systolic
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| Under what conditions will hemoglobin give up oxygen? | 1. inc Temp
2. inc DPG/Diphosphoglycerate
3. inc H+
4. inc CO2
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| In the red blood cell, water and carbon dioxide combine using what enzyme? | carbonic anhydrase
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| What should be the normal pH range of the blood? | 7.35-7.45
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| The Bohr Effect is a property of what molecule? | hemoglobin
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| A decrease in pH would cause the dissociation curve for the Bohr effect to shift in what direction? | right
it shifts right when you
1. inc Temp
2. inc DPG/Diphosphoglycerate
3. inc H+
4. inc CO2
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| What mineral sets the threshold for nerve firing? | Calcium
Ca++ controls the Na+ gates
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| The ascending phase of an action potential represents what? | Depolarization, receptors leaking Na+ into the cell
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| A receptor is in the hyperpolarized period, could it fire an action potential? | yes, but it would need an extremely large stimulus and to activate the Na/K pumps
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| What does the dorsum sellae cover? | the infundibulum/stalk from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
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| In a relaxed muscle, what prevents actin and myosin from combining? | ATP attached to the myosin crossbridges
tropomyosin-troponin attached to actin
(actin and myosin combining = contraction)
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| Ca is released from the _____ at the ___ junction causing the release of _____ to the T tubules | sarcoplasmic reticulum, myoneural junction, acetylcholine
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| What is the resting membrane potential of muscle? of a neuron? | muscle -90mV
neuron -70mV
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| What is the minimum current strength needed for an action potential to occur? | Rheobase
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| What are the effector cells of the parasympathetic nervous system? | muscarine
(activated by ACh)
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| What brain waves would be normal in a child but abnormal in an adult? | theta
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| What brain waves do you experience during REM sleep? | beta
(also during specific mental activity)
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| What brain waves are never seen during sleep in a normal adult? | alpha, only seen in quiet awake periods
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| What 4 areas are only stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system? | 1. adrenal medulla
2. erector pili muscle (hair)
3. sweat glands
4. smooth muscle of arterioles that supply periph blood vessels for VC
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| Which band within the sarcomere remains the same with contraction? | A band
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| Which band within the sarcomere disappears with contraction? | H band
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| Define a motor unit | the functional unit of muscle, consists of the alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates
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| Shortening of a muscle belly is considered what type of contraction? | concentric
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| What type of contraction produced the most strength? | Eccentric contraction, lengthening of the muscle belly
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| What color are slow twitch muscle fibers and why? | red because of a higher abundance of myoglobin
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| What is the energy source for fast twitch muscle fibers? | anaerobic glycolysis
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| Name the two exceptions to the smooth muscle is a "multiunit muscle" rule? | 1. iris of eye
2. pili erector tissue
they are single unit smooth muscle
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| In smooth muscle, what is the analogous to troponin? | calmodulin
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| In a smooth muscle contraction, what enzyme binds calcium to calmodulin | myosin kinase
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