Classification & Structure of Bones & Cartilages
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| axial skeleton | Skull, Spine, Rib Cage
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| appendicular skeleton | Upper limbs, Lower limbs, Shoulder girdle, Pelvic girdle
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| what is the purpose of bone markings | it reveals where bones form joints w. other bones, where muscles, tendons, & ligaments were attached & where blood vessels & nerves passed
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| name the categories of bone markings | projections, or processes that grow out from the bone (serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints) & depressions or cavities (indentations or opening sin the bone that often serve as condults for nerves & blood cessels
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| tuberosity | large rounded projection; may be roughened, (rough elevated surface)
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| crest | narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
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| trochanter | two massive processes on the femur
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| line | slightly raised, elongated ridge
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| tubercle | small rounded projection or process
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| epicondyle | expanded region superior to a condyle
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| spine | sharp, slender, or narrow process
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| process | any bony prominence or projection
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| head | (Artciulation) prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded (mostly long bones)
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| facet | (Artculation) smooth, flat, slightly concave or conves articular surface (mostly long bones)
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| condyle | (Articulation) rounded knob that articulates with another bone (mostly long bones)
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| meatus | entrance to ear canal-like passageway
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| fossa | broad, shallow depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
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| groove | Long pit or furrow
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| fissure | narrrow, slit through a bone
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| foramen | a hole through a bone, usually rounded with concave area around opening, entrances for nerves
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| name the 4 classifications of bones | long, short, flat & irregular bones
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| suture | Fibrous, interlocking joint of the crainal bones
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| mandible | lower jawbone
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| maxillae | 2 bones fused in a median suture; form the upper jawbone & part of the orbits
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| list the vertebra column | Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumber (5), Sacrum (5, fused), Coccyx (4, fused)
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| Torus | Bony thickening (occipital bun)
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| Protuberance | Bony outgrowth or protuding part
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| Sulcus | Long, wide groove
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| True Ribs | Attach directly to the sternum, Ribs 1 - 7
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| False Ribs | Attach to the 7th Costal Cartilage, Ribs 8 - 10
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| Floating Ribs | No anterior attachment, Ribs 11 - 12
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| Carpals | Wrist Bones (8)
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| Metacarpals | Palm (5)
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| Phalanges | Fingers (14) / toes (14)
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| Tarsals | Ankle (7)
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| Metatarsals | Sole (5)
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| Teeth | Mineralized structures that function to masticate (chew/break down) food, and aid in speech
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| Bones | Serve as a protector of organs, produce blood cells, store minerals and fat, and serve as a frame work for support and attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments
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| Cortical Bone | Dense bone typically found on external surfaces and forms the walls of the shafts of long bones
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| Trabecular Bone | Porous, spongy bone that is typically found at the ends of long bones, and in vertebral bodies and flat ones.
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| Enamel | Covers external surface of the crown. No living cells and no blood supply. Hardest substance in the body.
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| Ventral | Toward the Front (or belly)
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| Dorsal | Toward the back or spine (used differently for feet and hands)
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| Anterior | Toward the ventral side (only used in humans)
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| Posterior | Toward the dorsal side (only used in humans)
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| Superior | Above
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| Medial | Toward the median plane or middle
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| Inferior | Below
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| Lateral | Away from the median plane or middle
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| Proximal | Closer to the point of attachment or origin
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| Distal | Farther to the point of attachment or origin
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| Cephalic | Toward the head or superior end
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| Rostral | Toward the forehead or nose (used with skulls only)
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| Caudal | Toward the tail or inferior end
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| Neck | between the head and shaft
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| Canal | Tubular passage or tunnel
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| Determination of Sex by bones | Pelvis, Skull, Whole Skeleton
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| Determination of Ancestry | Skull
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| Dertmination of Sex: Pelvis | Pelvis is the best bone (differences due to adaptations to childbirth)1.females have wider subpubic angle 2. females have a sciaticnotch > 90 3. females have a broad pelvic inlet 4. females have a broad illium
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| Determination of Sex: Cranium | Crests and ridges more pronounced in males, Chin significantly more square in males, Mastoid process wide and robust in males, Forehead slopes more in males
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| Determination of Race: Skull | Nasal index, Nasal Spine, Prognathism-extended jaw, Shape of eye orbits
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| Antomical Position | Is a stance in which a person stands erect with the feet flat on the floor and close together, arms at the sides, and the palms and face directed forward.
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| Osteology | Study of Bones
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| Odontology | Study of Teeth
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| Morphology | Shape of bones and teeth
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| Incisors | First four teeth
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| Canine (Cuspid) | fifth tooth
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| Premolars (Bicuspid) | sixth and seventh tooth
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| First and second Molars | eighth and nineth tooth
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| Third Molar (wisdom tooth) | tenth tooth
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Created by:
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