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Skeleton

Classification & Structure of Bones & Cartilages

Question	Answer
an embryos skeleton	is predominantly composed of hyaline cartilage
an adult skeleton	most of he cartilage is replaced by rigid bone
where is cartilage located	(isolated areas); bridge of the nose, the larynx, trachea, joints & parts of the rib cage
bones store	lipis & many minerals
red marrow cabities of bones provide	a site for heatopoiesis ( blood cell formation)
axial skeleton	bones that lie around the body's center of gravity
appendicular skeleton	bones of the libs, or appendages
what is the purpose of bone markings	it reveals where bones form joints w. other bones, where muscles, tendons, & ligaments were attached & where blood vessels & nerves passed
name the categories of bone markings	projections, or processes that grow out from the bone (serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints) & depressions or cavities (indentations or opening sin the bone that often serve as condults for nerves & blood cessels
tuberosity	large rounded projection; may be roughened
an embryos skeleton	is predominantly composed of hyaline cartilage
an adult skeleton	most of he cartilage is replaced by rigid bone
where is cartilage located	(isolated areas); bridge of the nose, the larynx, trachea, joints & parts of the rib cage
bones store	lipis & many minerals
red marrow cabities of bones provide	a site for heatopoiesis ( blood cell formation)
axial skeleton	bones that lie around the body's center of gravity
appendicular skeleton	bones of the libs, or appendages
what is the purpose of bone markings	it reveals where bones form joints w. other bones, where muscles, tendons, & ligaments were attached & where blood vessels & nerves passed
name the categories of bone markings	projections, or processes that grow out from the bone (serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints) & depressions or cavities (indentations or opening sin the bone that often serve as condults for nerves & blood cessels
tuberosity	large rounded projection; may be roughened
crest	narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
trochanter	very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (femur)
line	narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
tubercle	small rounded projection or process
epicondyle	raised area on or above a condyle
spine	sharp, slender, often pointed projection
process	prominence or projection
head	vony expansion carried on a narrow neck
facet	smooth, nearly flat articular surface
condyle	rounded articular projection
ramus	armlike bar of bone
sinus	space within a bone, filled w air & lined w mucous membrane
meatus	(auditory) canal-like passageway
fossa	shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
groove	furrow
fissure	narrrow, slitlike opening
foramen	round or oval opening through a bone
how many bones are in the human body	206
name the two basic kinds of osseous tissue that differ in their texture	compact bone (looks smooth & homogeneous) & spongy (cancellous bone; composed of small trabeculae (bars) of bone & lots of open space)
name the 4 classifications of bones	long, short, flat & irregular bones
long bones	(femur) consist of a shaft w. heads @ either end;; composed predominantly of compact bone
short bones	cube shaped; contain more spongy bone than compact bone (tarsals & carpals)
flat bones	generaly thin, w. 2 waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between (bones of the skull)
irregular bones	vertebrae (bones that don't fall into a categorie)
sesamoid bones	special types of short bones formed in tendons (patellas)
wormian or sutural bones	tine bones between cranial bones
articular cartilage	covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum
epiphyseal plate	thin area of yaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth
epiphyseal lines	when the long bone has stopped growing
yellow marrow	storage region for adipose tissue
red marrow	forming blood cells
endosteum	lining the shaft
inorganic matters of the bone	calcium salts deposited in its groud substance; gives bone its hardness
organic elements	collagen fibers; causes its flexibility
central (haversian) canal	runs parallel to the long axis of the bone & caries blood vessels, nerves & lymph vessels throug the bony matrix
osteocytes	(mature bone cells)
lacunae	chambers
canaliculi	tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella & then from lamella to lamella
articular cartilages	cover the bone ends @ moveable joints
costal cartilages	found connecting the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)
laryngeal cartilages	largely construct the larynx
tracheal & bronchial cartilages	reinforce other passageways of the respiratory system
nasal cartilages	support the external nose
intervertebral discs	separate & cushion bone sof the spine (vertebrae)
the skull is composed of 2 sets of bones name them & describe them	cranium (enclose & protect the fragile brain tissue) facial bones (present the eyes ina n anterior position & form the base for the facial muscles
name the 2 major areas for the cranium to be divided into	the cranial vault (calvaria) forms the superior lateral & posterior walls of skull & cranial floor or base- forming thw skull bottom
name the cranial floor's 3 distinct concavties	anterior, middle & posterior cranial fossae
frontal	anterior portion of cranium; forms forehead, superior part of orbit & floor of anterior cranial fosa
supraorbtal foramen (notch)	opening above each orbit allowing blood vessels & nerves to pass
glabella	smooth area between the eyes
parietal	posterolateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of cranium
sagittal suture	midline articulation point of the 2 parietal bones
coronal suture	point of articulation of parietals w. frontal bone
temporal	inferior to parietal bone on lateral skull
name the 4 divisions of the temporals	squamous; tympanic; mastoid & petrous
squamous region	abuts the parietals
tympanic region	surrounds the external ear opening
mastoid region	area posterior to the ear
petrous region	forms the lateral region of the skull base
squamosal suture	point of articulation of the temporal bone w. the parietal bone
zygomatic process	bridgelike projection joining the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly.
mandibular fossa	rounded depression on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process (anterior to the ear); forms the socket for the mandibular condyle, the poitn where the mandible (lower jaw) joins th ecranium
external auditory meatus	canal leading to eardrum & middle ear
styloid proces	needlelike projectio inferior to external auditory meatus; attachment point for muscles & ligaments of the neck.
mastoid process	rough projection inferior & posterior to external auditory meatus
stylomastoid foramen	tiny opeing between the mastoid & styloid processes through wich cranial nerve VII leaves the cranium
jugular foramen	opeing medial to the styloid process
occipital	forms floor & back wall; joins sphenoid bone anteriorly via its narrow basioccipital region
lambdoid suture	site of articulation of occipital bone & parietal bones
foramen magnum	large opeining in base of occipital, which allows the spianl cord to join with the brain
occipital condyles	rounded projections lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate w. the first cervicalvertebra
hypoglossal canal	opening medial & superior to the occipital condyle through the hypoglossal nerve passes
sphenoid	bat-shaped bone forming the anterior plateau of the middle cranial fossa cross the width of the skull
mandible	lower jawbone
body	horizontal portion; forms the chin
ramus	vertical extension of the body on either side
mandibular condyle	articulation oint of the mandible w. the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
coronoid process	jutting anterior portion of the ramus;
angle	posterior point @ which ramus meets the body
alveolar margin	superior margin of mandible; contains sockets in which the teeth lie
mandibular symphysis	anterior median depression indicating point of mandibular fusion
maxillae	2 bones fused in a median suture; form the upper jawbone & part of the orbits
alveolar margin	inferior margin containing sockets w. teeth
palatine processes	form the anterior hard palate
infraorbital foramen	opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves & blood vessels to the nasal region
incisive fossa	large bilateral opeining located posterior to the central incisor tooth of the maxilla & piercing hte hard palate
palatine	paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form posterior hard palate & part of the orbit
zygomatic	lateral to the maxilla; forms the portion of th face comonly called th echeekbone, & forms part of the lateral orbit
list the vertebra column	(blank)
cervical curvature	(concave) 2nd primary; consists of 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)

Created by: Brina on 2003-10-06

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Skeleton

Classification & Structure of Bones & Cartilages