Final Exam Stack
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| Anatomy | The Science of the structure of the living organism
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| Gross-Anatomy | the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye.
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| Functions necessary for life (7) | Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth
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| What happens when an atom has more electrons than protons? | The atom gains a negative charge
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| Valence electron shell | atom's outermost shell
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| Ionic Bond | When electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
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| Covalent Bond | The molecule when atoms share electrons
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| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak bonds when hydrogen atoms bond to electron-hungry nitrogen
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| Synthesis Reaction | (dehydration)When two or more atoms or molecule combine to create an even more complex molecule A+B=AB
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| Decomposition Reaction | (hydrolysis)catabolic destructive processes molecule degrading like in digestion AB= A+B
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| Exchange Reaction | Synthesis and Decomposition mix where molecules are switch between atoms and both degraded and made
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| Buffer | Maintains pH stability by taking up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions
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| Enzymes | Catalyst in chemical reactions that are charged amino acids. They are specific and are NOT consumed in reaction.
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| Where is DNA always found? | DNA is restricted to the nuclei of cells
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| Osmosis | Cellular transport of H2O out of a cell
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| Aprocine glands | found in the armpit and groin area that secretes a milky substance that can be used as a source of nutrients
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| What is the charge of an atom with more protons than electrons? | Positive
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| Carbohydrates | A 6 ringed glucose molecule structure obtained from diet or storage
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| Monosaccharide | one glucose molecule known as a simple sugar
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| Disaccharide | two simple sugars joined by dehydration
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| Polysaccharide | A long chain of sugars stored as gylcogen
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| Sodium-potassium pump? | Uses ATP to move sodium and potassium against concentration gradient
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules by plasma cell receptors in the cell membrane binding with certain substances
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| Vesicular Transport | Moves substances into or out of cells without them actually crossing the cell membrane
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| Endocytosis | ATP requiring process that take up or engulf extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membranous vesicle
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| Exocytosis | When transmembrane proteins on vesicles recognize certain certain plasma proteins and bind with them
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| Phagocytosis | The ingestion of SOLID PARTICLES by cells
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| Pinocytosis | the engulfing of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID by cells.
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| Mitosis | the division of the cell nucleus; often followed by division of the cytoplasm of a cell.
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| Interphase | Stage 1 of Mitosis- When DNA replication begins
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| Metaphase | Stage 2 of Mitosis- When chromosomes line up at the center of the spindle
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| Anaphase | Stage 3 of Mitosis- When chromatids split and start to move slowly apart
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| Telophase | Stage 4 of Mitosis- At opposite sides of the cell chromosomes uncoil and become threadlike chromatin again
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| Cytokinesis | Stage 5 of Mitosis- division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided.
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| Transcription | Transfer of DNA information into mRNA
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| Translation | mRNA is translated into amino acid sequence (proien)
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| Keratin | tough protein found in hair, nails, and the epidermis of skin
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| Corneum | dead cells represented by flat membranous sacs with karatine
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| What is the main component of the hypodermis (brain part) | Fat
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| Melanin | A pigment contributing to skin color and protects DNA from UV damage
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| How does loose connective tissue relate to ostification? | Loose connective tissue provides a model for ostification
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| Ossification | the process of bone formation
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| Osteocytes | mature bone cells that maintain the matrix
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| Osteoblasts | bone-forming cells
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| Osteoclasts | Bone-destroying cells
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| When do leg bones stop growing | when the epiphysial plate is ossified
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| Where is spongy bone found | in the middle of flat bones
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| Saddle-joint | A multitaxial synovial joint
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| Anaerobic | Aerobic respiration that makes the most ATP
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| What forms cross bridges | Ca+ Calcium
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| Does the A band change in length during sarcomere contraction and what enters during contraction? | No, Na+ (sodium) does
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| Complete tetanus | tetanus produces strong muscle contractions so this is when the muscle is stimulated to rapidly there is no evidence of relaxation
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| Meningitis | A serious threat to the brain because bacteria may spread into the nervous tissue of the CNS
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| Astrocytes | half of the neural tissue that clings to neurons to anchor them to blood capillaries
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| Basal Nuclei | Regulates voluntary motor activities
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| R.A.S. Reticular Activating System | Part of the brain is in charge of the body's awake/sleep cycle(consciousness)
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | a system of nerves that connects the outlying parts of the body with the central nervous system.
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| Somatic nervous system | Voluntary nervous system.
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| What are the three pathways for regenerating ATP for working muscles | Direct Phosphorylation (mitochondria), Anaerobic pathway(no oxygen;cytoplasm), and Aerobic pathway (needs oxygen;happens in the glucose and produces the most ATP)
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| What does the CNS do? | Integration
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| Where is neuroglia cells found in the PSN | Satellite and Schwann cells
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| Schwann-Cells | Mylin sheets in the PNS
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| Satellite-Cells | protective cushioning cells
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| Graded-Potential | a local change in membrane potential/strength of the stimulus
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| Gray Matter | Unmyelinated nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies
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| Anti-Diuretic | prohibits urine production
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| Goiters | Caused by iodine deficiency because of an enlarged thyroid
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| Calcitonin | Released by the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels to store the excess calcium in bones
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| Malaria | Sickle cell anemia protect an individual against
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| Erythrocyte | red blood cell (hemocytoblasts)
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| Neutrophils | phagocyte against infections (hemocytoblasts)
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| Esinophil | Parasites and Allergy attacks (hemocytoblasts)
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| Basophil | Blood thinner (hemocytoblasts)
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| Lymphocytes | B(bone)&T(thymus) lymphocytes for general attack (hemocytoblasts)
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| Monocytes | Clean up cells fighting against chronic infections-largest white blood cell(hemocytoblasts)
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| Lub-Dup | Lub=closing of the AV valves
Dub=semilunar valves close
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| Where do B lymphocytes mature | Bone Marrow
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| Inflammation Defense | inflammation, redness, heat
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| Do blood vessels dilate and leak during inflammation | blood vessels do not dilate and leak
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| Are Cytotoxic killer cells activated during inflammation | No
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| What are made in Innate Defenses | B&T Cells
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| What blood type(s) will coagulate when mixed with B blood and why? | A and O will coagulate because of their 'protective' antibodies
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| What are the three layers of the heart (___cardium) | Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium (epithilial)
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| Which layer is the innermost layer of the heart | The Endocardium (Epithilial)
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| Which structure (Artery, Vein or Capillary) has a tunica media? | They call have a Tunica Media as their innermost layer, but for a capillary this is its only layer
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| What pumps lymph fluid | Skeletal Muscle Contractions pump lymph fluid is pumped through lymph vessels by
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| What happens to Helper T cells after their antigen has been removed? | They can no longer suppress an immune response
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| What are the innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms? | Membrane barrier, Chemicals, Natural Killer cells, Inflammatory response, Phagocytes, and interferon
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| Phagocytes | They remove antigens and pathogens
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| What does the submucosa of the GI tack contain? | Blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics
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| What are the layers of the GI track? | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularous, Serosa
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| Brush Boarder enzymes | Complete breakdown of proteins and carbohydrates in the small intestine
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| What is the function of bile? | To break down fat
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| Is protein a component of urine? | No, but uric acids, sodium, and Urea are
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| Saliva includes what? | Salvary amalayse, mucus and serous secretions, and Lingual Lipase
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| What does Corpus Luteum produce when degenerated? | Progesterone
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| Pepsin | an enzyme capable of digesting proteins in an acid pH.
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| What is the purpose of goblet cells in the large intestine? | To produce mucus
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| Glomeruler filration | Water and small solutes forced through the capillary walls and pores of the GLOMERAROUS TO THE RENAL TUBULE
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| Tubular reabsorption | Water, glucose, and amino acids OUT OF TUBULE INTO BLOOD
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| Tubular secretion | drugs removed FROM BLOOD INTO TUBE
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| Atom | the smallest part of an element
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| Ion | an atom with a positive or negative electric charge.
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| Cell Theory and its four concepts | 1. Cell is basic unit of living organisms
2. Activity of organism depends on activity of cell
3.Biochemical activity determined by subcellular structures
4. Life has a cellular basis
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| Synovial Joint | freely movable joint exhibiting a joint cavity enclosed by fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane.
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| Isotonic | Having a uniform tension
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| Isometric | Of the same length.
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| Hypothalmus | the region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain.
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| Pancreas | Produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions.
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| Urine | filtrate containing waste and excess ions excreted by the kidneys.
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| Filtrate | solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter.
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| Spermatogenesis | Myosis specific for the formation of sperm
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| Oogenesis | Process of ova formation
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| FSH | stimulates spermatogenic cells to produce sperm
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| LH | Stimulates the release of testosterone
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| Progesterone | Helps prepare breast tissue for lactication
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| Estrogen | Growth and maturation in reproductive organs, promotes breast maturation and the menstrual cycle
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| Direct Phosphorylation | Processed in the mitochondria
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| Anaerobic pathway | no oxygen;cytoplasm
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| Aerobic pathway | needs oxygen;happens in the glucose and produces the most ATP
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Created by:
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