Church History Midterm Study Guide Terms
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| Infallible | The Pope is incapable of error in matter of faith and morals |
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| Hellenization | Greek culture spreading throughout the known world/ spread Greek language/ natural Law & immortal soul |
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| Alexander the Great | Macedonian king who dreamed of a large united empire |
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| Stoicism | Extreme morality system/ belief that virtue and reason are the highest good/ practice that rejects showing emotion |
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| Punic Wars | Series of wars that consisted of Rome gaining Carthage and defeating Hannibal |
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| Julius Caesar | Named himself dictator for life |
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| Marcus Antonius (Antony) | Married Cleopatra and killed himself |
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| Octavian | Consul to bring lasting peace to the Roman Empire |
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| Marcus Lepidus | Member of the triumvirate |
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| Triumvirate | Marcus Lepidus, Marcus Antonius, and Octavian |
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| Pax Romana | 200 years of lasting peace in Rome |
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| Sanctifying Grace | Given to us every time we receive the sacraments/ necessary for eternal life/ makes us partakers in God's Divine Life |
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| Actual Grace | Specifically given by God to help us at a particular moment/ given to us every time someone prays for us/ helps us to do good things but is not permanent |
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| Hypostatic Union | Union of divine and human nature in one |
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| Salvation History | God's plan to save man from the consequences of son for all time |
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| Justification | Being made right with God |
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| Pascal Mystery | Jesus' life, death and resurrection |
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| Kenosis | Greek for self-emptying/ refers to Christ's total self-sacrifice |
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| Fullness of the truth | Instituted by Christ, authority of the Pope and priests, sacraments, saints & Mary (Church has everything Christ instituted) |
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| Sacraments | Baptism, Reconciliation, Eucharist, Confirmation, Holy Orders, Matrimony, Anointing of the Sick |
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| Saints | Known to be in heaven through canonization/ interceding for us |
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| Mary | Fulfillment of Eve/ Eve brought death into the world, Mary brought life into the world |
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| Incarnation | Latin: to become flesh/ God became fully man, fully divine (hypostatic union) |
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| John 1:1 | Jesus is the word by which the world was created/ fitting that salvation is entrusted to the Creator |
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| 4 Reasons God became Man | Life (we could partake in His divine life through S and A grace), Love ( showed us infinite depths of God's love), Reconciliation (made expiation for our sins), Imitation (gave us an example to follow through prayer, obedience, humility and charity) |
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| 4 ways Jesus showed us how it imitate Him | Charity, obedience, humility, prayer |
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| How is the Mass and sacrifice on the Cross the same? | Priest & victim are the same, faithful are present, same sacrifice of Jesus to Himself to the the Father, graces are the same |
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| How are the sacrifices of the Cross and the Mass different? | Cross is historical event, Mass includes the whole Church, Mass-unbloody sacrifice, Cross- bloody sacrifice, many Masses but only one sacrifice |
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| Mother of God | Divine maternity, Jesus receives human nature from Mary |
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| Ever-Virgin | Pure in every sense, sinless, virgin throughout her life |
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| Immaculate Conception | Mary was conceived without original sin, from conception on ➡️ sinless |
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| Assumed into heaven | She didn't die, was carried body and soul into heaven |
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| Co-Redemptorix | Has unique role in salvation, cooperates in the redemptive sacrifice of her Son |
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| Medatrix | Bearer of Christ, Intercedes, dispenses graces from her Son, intercessor |
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| Advocate | Prays for people of God |
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| Baptism of Our Lord | Indicates acceptance of mission/ marks beginning of public ministry/ manifestation of Trinity |
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| Wedding at Cana | Marks beginning of Redemptive mission/ prefigures Christ's Passions and Death/ indicates importance of Mary |
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| Temptation in the Desert | Satan tried to tempt Christ to resist His Passion and Death/ counteracts disobedience of Adam |
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| Transfiguration | Jesus reveals His divinity/ Moses-->Law & Elijah-->Prophets |
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| The Last Supper | First Mass on Holy Thursday |
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| Agony in the Garden | Jesus experienced true mental suffering/ hematohidrosis |
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| Body of Christ | 2 dimensions: horizontal (btw human beings) & vertical (btw God and human being) |
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| Universal Sacrament of Salvation | Jesus gives us salvation through the Church |
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| Bride of Christ | Christ is the giver of life, Church nurtures & bears it to the world/ Christ is necessary for the Church/Christ completes the Church/ Christ is the head of the Church |
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| Mission of the Holy Spirit | Church carries out mission through time/ receive H.S. through sacraments/ H.S. gives virtues and gifts |
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| Gifts of H.S. | Wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, fear of the Lord |
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| Fruits of the H.S. | Love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self control |
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| Particular Judgment | When each soul is judged by God, right after death |
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| Parousia | The final judgment, when God judges all of the human race |
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| Beatific Vision | The ability to see God face to face |
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| Council of Jerusalem | Old Law vs. New Law- can Gentiles be saved without following Old Law? Should they be circumcised? |
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| St. Bartholomew | Was martyred by being flayed alive |
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| St. Paul | Responsible for the arrest & martyrdom of many Christians before conversion/ Saul --> Paul |
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| St. Peter | Crucified by Nero in 64 AD |
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| Judas Iscariot | Betrayed Jesus for financial gain |
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| St. Jude | Patron of lost causes |
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| St. Matthew | Called Levi meaning gift of God |
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| St. John | The Beloved Disciple |
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| St. Matthias | Replaced Judas Iscariot |
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| St. Andrew | Brother of St. Peter |
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| St. James (the greater) | First of the 12 to be martyred |
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| St. Thomas | Doubted Jesus' Resurrection |
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| St. James (the less) | Head of the Church in Jerusalem and presided in the Council of Jerusalem |
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| St. Philip | Brought Nathaniel (Bartholomew) to Christ |
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| Cornelius | Devout Gentile who came to Christ |
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| Ananias | Responsible for laying hand son Saul and baptizing him |
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| St. Simon | Shares a feast day and was martyred with St. Jude |
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| Objective Redemption | The work accomplished by Christ for all people by means of His Passion, Death and Resurrection |
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| Subjective Redemption | Redemption won by Christ but must be applied to each person individually |
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| Baptism (Early Christian Practice) | Catechumens met over a 2 or 3 year period/ baptizing infants became more common during the 3rd Cent./ Baptism by blood |
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| Agape | Means love in Greek/ religious meal that was related to the Eucharist and preceded the Eucharist/ Did not last long because of abuses |
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| Eucharist | Means thanksgiving/ celebrant gave thanks in his own words before the consecration |
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| Catacombs | Early Christina burial places, shrines and places of worship |
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| Holy Days | Wednesday and Friday/ Sunday was also a holy day for pagans so it was safer for Christian worship during persecution |
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| Cross (Symbols) | Christian Faith |
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| Fish (Symbols) | Recalls Multiplication of Loaves and Fishes/ Greek fish same as Greek phrase "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior" |
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| Anchor (Symbols) | Safety, hope/ depiction of Cross (recognized by Christians but not by non-believers) |
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| Papacy (Early Church) | Supreme authority in all Church matters/ Vicar of Christ |
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| Episcopacy | Successors of Apostles/ administer of sacraments |
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| Presbyters | Priests/ church elders/ offer sacrifice of the Mass/ subordinate to Bishop |
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| The Scriptures | No canon (Early Church)/ texts of Bible determined by authority under the H.S./ Scripture part of broader tradition |
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| Sola Scriptura | Scripture alone |
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| Sola Fidei | Faith alone |
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| Sexual Ethics, Abortion, Contraception | Rejected abortion, infanticide, & contraception prevalent in society/ it rejected dignity of human person & violated 5th commandment |
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| "The Way" | Refers to Christian living/ requires integrity and sacrifice |
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| Martyr | Greek= witness/ bears with to Christ/ showed love, joy & faith amidst suffering/ achieved sanctity & entrance to heaven |
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| Kiss of Peace | Originates with martyrs/ bless each other wit joy & peace |
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| Caligula | A crazy emperor/ thought/acted as though his horse was a person |
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| Nero | Crazy emperor/ blamed Christians for "Great Fire" 64 AD |
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| Nero's Circus | An amphitheater built by Nero |
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| Domition | Completed the Colosseum in 72 AD/ its still around today |
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| St. Stephen | First Christian martyr/ Deacon/ stoned under St. Paul |
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| St.s Felicity & Perpetua | Friends/ Felicity the slave of Perpetua/ Felicity 8 months pregnant/ stayed in prison until baby was born/ sentenced to death in amphitheater by wild beasts/ beheaded |
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| St. Lucy | Committed to celibacy/ wouldn't sacrifice to Diocletian/ tried to take away her virginity/ tortured/ eyes gouged out |
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| St. Cecilia | Took vow of celibacy with husband/ converted 100s of people/ put in fire but not burned/ beheaded/ remained alive for 3 days/ preached and sang |
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| Martyrdom Today | More Christian martyrs in 20th century alone/ 270 martyrs every day/ 200 million Christians over 60 nations face persecution every day (60% children) |
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| Apostolic Father | Leaders of the faith taught by the Apostles |
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| Apologist | Greek= defense/ Author of work that defends the faith against heresies |
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| Didache | Doctrine containing Christian morals, doctrine, customs and traditions/ Author unknown/ 1st Century/ "Doctrine of the 12 Apostles"/ written amidst Church persecution to ensure regulation of belief system |
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| St. Hippolytus | Apologist/wrote Eucharistic prayer/ anti-pope of Novationists (schism= could never be admitted or forgiven back into the faith/ united with Pope St. Pontian before martyrdom |
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| Tertullian | Apologist/ Father of Latin Theology/ said Christians were an asset to Rime/ involved in Montansism (heresy=refuse forgiveness of certain sins) |
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| St. Polycarp | Apostolic Father/ died under Antonius Pilas/ Bishop of Smyrna/ friend of St. Ignatius/ refused to offer incense/ burned & not harmed so killed by sword |
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| St. Justin Martyr | Apologist/ died under Marcus Aurelius/ addressed letters to Emperor & Senate/ beheaded |
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| St. Ignatius of Antioch | Apostolic Father/ taught by John/ Bishop of Antioch/ first to use "Catholic Church" |
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| 5 Good Emperors | Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pilas, Marcus Aurilias |
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| Trajan's Rescript | Profession of Christianity is a crime/ Christians can only be killed of they publicly announce their faith, if they renounced it & offered sacrifice they could live |
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| Hadrian's Rescript | Christians could not be mobbed, only punished for violations of the aw, not for profession of belief |
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| Libellactiti | Christians who signed a certificate of sacrifice |
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| Sacrificanti | Christians who offered sacrifices |
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| Thurificanti | Christians who burned incense to the emperor |
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| Lapsi | Christians who formally renounced the faith by offering sacrifices to pagan gods |
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| Decius | 1st to inaugurate an empire wide persecution of Christians |
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| Edict of Decius | Exterminated of Christians/ if suspicious of being a Christian, must sacrifice to gods to prove otherwise |
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| Valerian | Forbid Christians to meet in public places/ no Mass in catacombs/ bishops, priests and deacons killed/ Christians killed or sold into slavery |
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| Diocletian | Desired to unify empire |
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| Surge of Persecution | 64 AD- 303 AD |
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| The Great Persecution | 303 AD- 313 AD |
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| The Great Persecution (4 Edicts) | 1)Destruction of Churches, books burned, no meeting at all 2) imprisoned clergy 3) demand pagan sacrifice from clergy 4) demanded sacrifice from every Christian |
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| Origin | Prolific writer, theologian, & biblical exegete/ head of 1st school in Alexandria/ died from torture under Decius/ not a saint b/c of belief that everyone goes to heaven |
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| Exegete | a writer of an exegesis-> a long, long commentary of a passage in the Bible |
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| St. Lawrence | Saw Pope St. Sixtus II beheaded/ deacon/ ordered to get treasure of the Church/ brought the poor/ grilled alive |
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| Sacred Tradition | Passing down orally from the Apostles |
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