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Church History
Church History Midterm Study Guide Terms
| Term | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| Infallible | The Pope is incapable of error in matter of faith and morals | |
| Hellenization | Greek culture spreading throughout the known world/ spread Greek language/ natural Law & immortal soul | |
| Alexander the Great | Macedonian king who dreamed of a large united empire | |
| Stoicism | Extreme morality system/ belief that virtue and reason are the highest good/ practice that rejects showing emotion | |
| Punic Wars | Series of wars that consisted of Rome gaining Carthage and defeating Hannibal | |
| Julius Caesar | Named himself dictator for life | |
| Marcus Antonius (Antony) | Married Cleopatra and killed himself | |
| Octavian | Consul to bring lasting peace to the Roman Empire | |
| Marcus Lepidus | Member of the triumvirate | |
| Triumvirate | Marcus Lepidus, Marcus Antonius, and Octavian | |
| Pax Romana | 200 years of lasting peace in Rome | |
| Sanctifying Grace | Given to us every time we receive the sacraments/ necessary for eternal life/ makes us partakers in God's Divine Life | |
| Actual Grace | Specifically given by God to help us at a particular moment/ given to us every time someone prays for us/ helps us to do good things but is not permanent | |
| Hypostatic Union | Union of divine and human nature in one | |
| Salvation History | God's plan to save man from the consequences of son for all time | |
| Justification | Being made right with God | |
| Pascal Mystery | Jesus' life, death and resurrection | |
| Kenosis | Greek for self-emptying/ refers to Christ's total self-sacrifice | |
| Fullness of the truth | Instituted by Christ, authority of the Pope and priests, sacraments, saints & Mary (Church has everything Christ instituted) | |
| Sacraments | Baptism, Reconciliation, Eucharist, Confirmation, Holy Orders, Matrimony, Anointing of the Sick | |
| Saints | Known to be in heaven through canonization/ interceding for us | |
| Mary | Fulfillment of Eve/ Eve brought death into the world, Mary brought life into the world | |
| Incarnation | Latin: to become flesh/ God became fully man, fully divine (hypostatic union) | |
| John 1:1 | Jesus is the word by which the world was created/ fitting that salvation is entrusted to the Creator | |
| 4 Reasons God became Man | Life (we could partake in His divine life through S and A grace), Love ( showed us infinite depths of God's love), Reconciliation (made expiation for our sins), Imitation (gave us an example to follow through prayer, obedience, humility and charity) | |
| 4 ways Jesus showed us how it imitate Him | Charity, obedience, humility, prayer | |
| How is the Mass and sacrifice on the Cross the same? | Priest & victim are the same, faithful are present, same sacrifice of Jesus to Himself to the the Father, graces are the same | |
| How are the sacrifices of the Cross and the Mass different? | Cross is historical event, Mass includes the whole Church, Mass-unbloody sacrifice, Cross- bloody sacrifice, many Masses but only one sacrifice | |
| Mother of God | Divine maternity, Jesus receives human nature from Mary | |
| Ever-Virgin | Pure in every sense, sinless, virgin throughout her life | |
| Immaculate Conception | Mary was conceived without original sin, from conception on ➡️ sinless | |
| Assumed into heaven | She didn't die, was carried body and soul into heaven | |
| Co-Redemptorix | Has unique role in salvation, cooperates in the redemptive sacrifice of her Son | |
| Medatrix | Bearer of Christ, Intercedes, dispenses graces from her Son, intercessor | |
| Advocate | Prays for people of God | |
| Baptism of Our Lord | Indicates acceptance of mission/ marks beginning of public ministry/ manifestation of Trinity | |
| Wedding at Cana | Marks beginning of Redemptive mission/ prefigures Christ's Passions and Death/ indicates importance of Mary | |
| Temptation in the Desert | Satan tried to tempt Christ to resist His Passion and Death/ counteracts disobedience of Adam | |
| Transfiguration | Jesus reveals His divinity/ Moses-->Law & Elijah-->Prophets | |
| The Last Supper | First Mass on Holy Thursday | |
| Agony in the Garden | Jesus experienced true mental suffering/ hematohidrosis | |
| Body of Christ | 2 dimensions: horizontal (btw human beings) & vertical (btw God and human being) | |
| Universal Sacrament of Salvation | Jesus gives us salvation through the Church | |
| Bride of Christ | Christ is the giver of life, Church nurtures & bears it to the world/ Christ is necessary for the Church/Christ completes the Church/ Christ is the head of the Church | |
| Mission of the Holy Spirit | Church carries out mission through time/ receive H.S. through sacraments/ H.S. gives virtues and gifts | |
| Gifts of H.S. | Wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, fear of the Lord | |
| Fruits of the H.S. | Love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self control | |
| Particular Judgment | When each soul is judged by God, right after death | |
| Parousia | The final judgment, when God judges all of the human race | |
| Beatific Vision | The ability to see God face to face | |
| Council of Jerusalem | Old Law vs. New Law- can Gentiles be saved without following Old Law? Should they be circumcised? | |
| St. Bartholomew | Was martyred by being flayed alive | |
| St. Paul | Responsible for the arrest & martyrdom of many Christians before conversion/ Saul --> Paul | |
| St. Peter | Crucified by Nero in 64 AD | |
| Judas Iscariot | Betrayed Jesus for financial gain | |
| St. Jude | Patron of lost causes | |
| St. Matthew | Called Levi meaning gift of God | |
| St. John | The Beloved Disciple | |
| St. Matthias | Replaced Judas Iscariot | |
| St. Andrew | Brother of St. Peter | |
| St. James (the greater) | First of the 12 to be martyred | |
| St. Thomas | Doubted Jesus' Resurrection | |
| St. James (the less) | Head of the Church in Jerusalem and presided in the Council of Jerusalem | |
| St. Philip | Brought Nathaniel (Bartholomew) to Christ | |
| Cornelius | Devout Gentile who came to Christ | |
| Ananias | Responsible for laying hand son Saul and baptizing him | |
| St. Simon | Shares a feast day and was martyred with St. Jude | |
| Objective Redemption | The work accomplished by Christ for all people by means of His Passion, Death and Resurrection | |
| Subjective Redemption | Redemption won by Christ but must be applied to each person individually | |
| Baptism (Early Christian Practice) | Catechumens met over a 2 or 3 year period/ baptizing infants became more common during the 3rd Cent./ Baptism by blood | |
| Agape | Means love in Greek/ religious meal that was related to the Eucharist and preceded the Eucharist/ Did not last long because of abuses | |
| Eucharist | Means thanksgiving/ celebrant gave thanks in his own words before the consecration | |
| Catacombs | Early Christina burial places, shrines and places of worship | |
| Holy Days | Wednesday and Friday/ Sunday was also a holy day for pagans so it was safer for Christian worship during persecution | |
| Cross (Symbols) | Christian Faith | |
| Fish (Symbols) | Recalls Multiplication of Loaves and Fishes/ Greek fish same as Greek phrase "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior" | |
| Anchor (Symbols) | Safety, hope/ depiction of Cross (recognized by Christians but not by non-believers) | |
| Papacy (Early Church) | Supreme authority in all Church matters/ Vicar of Christ | |
| Episcopacy | Successors of Apostles/ administer of sacraments | |
| Presbyters | Priests/ church elders/ offer sacrifice of the Mass/ subordinate to Bishop | |
| The Scriptures | No canon (Early Church)/ texts of Bible determined by authority under the H.S./ Scripture part of broader tradition | |
| Sola Scriptura | Scripture alone | |
| Sola Fidei | Faith alone | |
| Sexual Ethics, Abortion, Contraception | Rejected abortion, infanticide, & contraception prevalent in society/ it rejected dignity of human person & violated 5th commandment | |
| "The Way" | Refers to Christian living/ requires integrity and sacrifice | |
| Martyr | Greek= witness/ bears with to Christ/ showed love, joy & faith amidst suffering/ achieved sanctity & entrance to heaven | |
| Kiss of Peace | Originates with martyrs/ bless each other wit joy & peace | |
| Caligula | A crazy emperor/ thought/acted as though his horse was a person | |
| Nero | Crazy emperor/ blamed Christians for "Great Fire" 64 AD | |
| Nero's Circus | An amphitheater built by Nero | |
| Domition | Completed the Colosseum in 72 AD/ its still around today | |
| St. Stephen | First Christian martyr/ Deacon/ stoned under St. Paul | |
| St.s Felicity & Perpetua | Friends/ Felicity the slave of Perpetua/ Felicity 8 months pregnant/ stayed in prison until baby was born/ sentenced to death in amphitheater by wild beasts/ beheaded | |
| St. Lucy | Committed to celibacy/ wouldn't sacrifice to Diocletian/ tried to take away her virginity/ tortured/ eyes gouged out | |
| St. Cecilia | Took vow of celibacy with husband/ converted 100s of people/ put in fire but not burned/ beheaded/ remained alive for 3 days/ preached and sang | |
| Martyrdom Today | More Christian martyrs in 20th century alone/ 270 martyrs every day/ 200 million Christians over 60 nations face persecution every day (60% children) | |
| Apostolic Father | Leaders of the faith taught by the Apostles | |
| Apologist | Greek= defense/ Author of work that defends the faith against heresies | |
| Didache | Doctrine containing Christian morals, doctrine, customs and traditions/ Author unknown/ 1st Century/ "Doctrine of the 12 Apostles"/ written amidst Church persecution to ensure regulation of belief system | |
| St. Hippolytus | Apologist/wrote Eucharistic prayer/ anti-pope of Novationists (schism= could never be admitted or forgiven back into the faith/ united with Pope St. Pontian before martyrdom | |
| Tertullian | Apologist/ Father of Latin Theology/ said Christians were an asset to Rime/ involved in Montansism (heresy=refuse forgiveness of certain sins) | |
| St. Polycarp | Apostolic Father/ died under Antonius Pilas/ Bishop of Smyrna/ friend of St. Ignatius/ refused to offer incense/ burned & not harmed so killed by sword | |
| St. Justin Martyr | Apologist/ died under Marcus Aurelius/ addressed letters to Emperor & Senate/ beheaded | |
| St. Ignatius of Antioch | Apostolic Father/ taught by John/ Bishop of Antioch/ first to use "Catholic Church" | |
| 5 Good Emperors | Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pilas, Marcus Aurilias | |
| Trajan's Rescript | Profession of Christianity is a crime/ Christians can only be killed of they publicly announce their faith, if they renounced it & offered sacrifice they could live | |
| Hadrian's Rescript | Christians could not be mobbed, only punished for violations of the aw, not for profession of belief | |
| Libellactiti | Christians who signed a certificate of sacrifice | |
| Sacrificanti | Christians who offered sacrifices | |
| Thurificanti | Christians who burned incense to the emperor | |
| Lapsi | Christians who formally renounced the faith by offering sacrifices to pagan gods | |
| Decius | 1st to inaugurate an empire wide persecution of Christians | |
| Edict of Decius | Exterminated of Christians/ if suspicious of being a Christian, must sacrifice to gods to prove otherwise | |
| Valerian | Forbid Christians to meet in public places/ no Mass in catacombs/ bishops, priests and deacons killed/ Christians killed or sold into slavery | |
| Diocletian | Desired to unify empire | |
| Surge of Persecution | 64 AD- 303 AD | |
| The Great Persecution | 303 AD- 313 AD | |
| The Great Persecution (4 Edicts) | 1)Destruction of Churches, books burned, no meeting at all 2) imprisoned clergy 3) demand pagan sacrifice from clergy 4) demanded sacrifice from every Christian | |
| Origin | Prolific writer, theologian, & biblical exegete/ head of 1st school in Alexandria/ died from torture under Decius/ not a saint b/c of belief that everyone goes to heaven | |
| Exegete | a writer of an exegesis-> a long, long commentary of a passage in the Bible | |
| St. Lawrence | Saw Pope St. Sixtus II beheaded/ deacon/ ordered to get treasure of the Church/ brought the poor/ grilled alive | |
| Sacred Tradition | Passing down orally from the Apostles |
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