Microbiology - National Boards Part 1
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| inclusion bodies | bodies present in the nucleus of cytoplasm of certain cells in infection by filtrable viruses
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| Aschoff | Rheumatic fever (extensive = McCallums Patch)
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| Babes Ernst granules | Metachomatic granules seen in diptheria
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| Councilman cells | viral hep
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| epithelioid | Tb
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| guarneri bodies | small pox (variola)
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| Koplik spots | Measles (rubeola)
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| Langerhans | TB
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| Lewy bodies | Parkinson's (paralysis agitans)
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| Mallory bodies | Hepatitis (alcoholics)
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| Negri bodies | Rabies (hydrophobia)
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| Reed Sternberg | Hodgkin's
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| Active immunity | makes own antibodies
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| Active immunity | long term immunity
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| Natural Active Immunity | immunity from being exposed to the disease
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| Artificial Active Immunity | injection of attenuated organism
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| Passive immunity | receives antibodies from someone/something else
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| Natural Passive immunity | immunity from mother to fetus in utero
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| natural passive immunity | immunity from breast feeding
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| passive Artificial immunity | injection of gamma globulin or purified antiserum from animals
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| Antitoxin (artificial passive) | antibody against a toxin
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| antitoxin (artificial passive) | purified antiserum from animals who have been given a toxoid
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| toxoid | modified inactivated bacterial exotoxin that has lost its toxicity
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| exotoxin | toxin outside the cell from cell waste products
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| endotoxin | toxin from lipopolysaccharide layer of cell
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| enterotoxin | toxin that affects the intestine
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| neurotoxin | toxin that affects the nervous system
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| opsonin | stimulates phagocytosis
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| hapten | partial antigen
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| Type 1 Hypersensitivity | Anaphylactic
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| type 2 hypersensitivity | cytotoxic
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| type 3 hypersensitivity | immune complex mediated
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| type IV | delayed hypersensitivity
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| rapidly developing hypersensitivity | type 1 (anaphylactic)
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| bee sting, asthma attack | type 1 (anaphylactic)
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| transfusion reaction | type 2 (cytotoxic)
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| Goodpasteur's syndrome = coomb's anemia (lungs and kidney) | type 2 (cytotoxic)
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| glmerulonephritis, RA, Lupus | type 3 (immune complex mediated)
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| Arthus reaction = local reaction | type 3 (immune complex mediated)
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| serum sickness = systemic | type 3 (immune complex mediated)
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| TB, transplants, graft rejection, contact dermatitis | type 4 (delayed hypersensitivity)
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| autotroph | oxidizes inorganic matter for energy
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| heterotroph | requires organic matter for energy
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| saprophyte | nutrition from dead decaying matter for energy
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| parasite | feeds on living matter for energy
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| pathogens | parasites that cause disease
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| facultative | can function in presence or absence of O2
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| fermentation | anaerobic decomposition of CHO to alcohol odors
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| symbiosis | 2 populations living together - one or both benefit
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| mutualism | 2 populations living together - both benefit
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| synergism | 2 populations living together - both benefit & accomplish what neither can do alone
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| commensalism | 2 populations living together - one benefits, the other is unaffected
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| ASO titre | Anitstreptolysin O titre. Test for strep antibodies. Rheumatic fever
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| Bile solubility | Pneumococci vs Alpha hemolytic strep viridans
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| Bordet Gengou Phenomenon | aka Complement Fixation
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| Catalase | staph vs strep
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| coagulase | staph aureus vs other stap
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| complement fixation | hemolysis means presence of complement
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| coliform | used to check for e. coli in water purification
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| coombs | tests antigens on RBCs
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| coombs | erythroblastosis fetalis - Rh factor
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| Dick | susceptibility to scarlet fever
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| Schultz carlton reaction | antitoxin reaction to scarlet fever
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| Schick | immunity to diptheria
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| Giemsa stain | for protozoa
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| phosphatase | to determine if milk pasteurization was adequate. Phosphatase is destroyed if pasteurization was properly accomplished.
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| Paul Bunnel | test for mononucleosis
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| quellung reaction | strep pneumoniae
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| Weil Felix | for rickettsia. typhus
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| Widal | typhoid fever test
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| syphilis tests | kline kahn wasserman TPI VDRL Darkfield
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| tuberculosis tests | mantoux, tine, acid fast=ziehl nielson stain, BCG=TB vaccine (Bacillus calmette guerin)
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| mononucleosis tests | paul bunnell, monospot, hereophile, antibody, downey cell
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| holding pasteurization method | 145 degrees for 30 seconds
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| flash pasteurization method | 161 degrees for 15 seconds
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| flash pasteurization method AKA | High Temp Short Time
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| most common pasteurization method | flash AKA HTST
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| ultrahigh pasteurization method | 191 degrees for 2-5 seconds
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| blue pus indicates | pseudomones aeruginosa -open burn infection, fluorescence
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| yellow pus indicates | staph aureus infection
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| red pus indicates | serratia marcescens infection
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| sulfa drugs for | gram negative, competes w/PABA
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| streptomycin for | gram negative, inhibits protein synthesis
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| penicillin for | gram negative, inhibits cell wall synthesis
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| tetracycline for | gram negative and positive, inhibits protein synthesis
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| tetracycline side effect | turns teeth gray or yellow brown
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| Burnet/metchinkoff | developed humoral theory of immune response
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| Erlich | magic bullet=sulfa drugs; discovered penicillin
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| Flemming | discovered penicillin
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| Iwanowski | discovered virus
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| Jenner | developed small pox vaccine
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| Koch | proved bacteria causes disease, Koch's postulates
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| Lancefield, Rebecca | classified streptococcus
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| Leewenhoek | developed first microscope, saw microorganisms
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| Lister | antisepsis
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| Pateaur | pasteurization of wine then milk, germ theory
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| Reed, Walter | yellow fever
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| Sabin | live polio vaccine given orally (Sabin your life)
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| Salk | dead polio vacine given by injection before Sabin
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| Semmelweiss | persecuted for idea of washing hands after autopsy and childbirth, puerperal fever
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| Semmelweiss | responsible for significantly reducing the maternal mortality rate
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| Colony Variation | R = rough, S = smooth, M = mucoid capsule forming (related to virulence), H = spreading, O = compact, D = dwarf
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| Gram stain | 1. stain w/ crystal violet 2. use iodine as a mordant (fixer) 3. wash w/ acetone or ethanol 4. use saffarin (counter stain)
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| washing gram stain with alcohol does | removes blue from thin walled bacteria
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| gram + color | blue
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| gram - color | red
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| gram + have darker stain | gram + have a thicker cell wall
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| Thayer Martin stain | chocolate agar (heated blood agar)
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| Mannitol salt stain | staphylococcus
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| Sabourand stain | Fungi/mycosis
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| Acid fast stain | Mycobacterium
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| Glemsa stain | protozoans/parasites
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| MacConkey Agar | differentiates e. coli from salmonella via lactose fermentation
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| salmonella and e. coli both test | gram -
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| CDC | center for disease control. compiles stats on morbidity, keeps track of epidemics, home in atlanta, ga
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| FDA | responsible for safety in health products, restricts product misrepresentation in health promotion and advertising
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| HHS | Department of Health and Human Services, controls FDA, CDC, and USPHS (US public health service)
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| HSA | Health Services administration, US health care agency, provides healthcare to migratory and rural underserved populations, OSHA is a part of this
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| NIH | National Institute of Health, responsible for financing, funding and research of various diseases, Bethesda, MD
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| OSHA | occupation Safety and Health Administration, makes reules concerning occupational toxicity levels of hazardous materials, responsible to HSA.
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| USDA | US Dept. of Agriculture, responsible for milk and milk products
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| Epidemic | repidly affects many persons in a certain area within a few days or weeks
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| endemic | a small number of cases in a specific location present all of the time
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| pandemic | causes more than the expected number of cases of a disease on a worldwide basis
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| prevalence | the number of people with disease that occurs at a certain time in a designated area
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| incidence | frequency of occurence over a period of time, the number of new cases of a disease
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| leading cause of death in infants | respiratory infection
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| #2 cause of death in infants | poison (aspirin is main cause)
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| leading cause of death from 1-35 | accidents
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| leading cause of death in adults | heart disease
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| #2 cause of death in adults | cancer
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| #2 cause of death in adults | accidents
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| water purification process | 1. filtration 2. flocculation 3. sedimentation 4. sludge digestion 5. sand filtration 6. aeration 7. chorination 8. possible fluorination
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| filtration | screens for large materials
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| flocculation | chemical coagulation & addition of precipitates such as aluminum
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| sludge digestion | addition of anaerobic bacteria
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| sand filtration | removes anaerobic bacteria
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| aeration | adds oxygen to water to improve color and taste and kills remaining anaerobic bacteria
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| chlorination | kills all bacteria
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| viral diseases with skin reactions | vaccinia, varicella, variola, rubeola, rubella, herpes simplex, herpes zoster
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| vaccinia | cow pox
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| varicella | chicken pox, herpes zoster AKA shingles, giant multinucleated cells
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| variola | small pox, guarneri bodies
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| rubeola | regular measles, red measles, kiplik spots on buccal mucosa
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| rubella | german measles (birth defects) most susceptible in 1st trimester
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| herpes simplex | fever blister (cold sores) genital herpes
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| herpes zoster | shingles from DRG - follows nerve
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| viral diseases with respiratory reactions | psittiacosis, rhinovirus, mono, mumps, influenza, adenovirus
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| psittacosis | parrot fever (lower respiratory tract)
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| rhinovirus | common cold
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| mono | epstein barr virus, paul bunnell, monospot, heretophile antibody, downey cell
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| mumps | parotitis, secondary orchitis, sidomegalic paramyxoid virus
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| influenza | flu, pneumonia
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| adenovirus | causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis
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| viral diseases with enteric reactions | coxsackle, echovirus, polio
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| coxsackle | childhood dysentery, hand, foot & mouth disease
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| echovirus | skin rash, heart disease
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| polio | bulbar type produces respiratory paralysis & is the major cause of death from polio, carried by water; afects anterior horn
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| rabies | RNA virus, rhabdo birus, negri bodies int he brain, hydrophobic
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| hepatitis A | oral/fecal trasmission
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| hepatitis B | sexual transmission or taking blood in the lab
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| heptatisis C | from transfusions (non A non B)
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| AIDS | retro virus: reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA, attacks T helper cells, patients suscpetible to: pneumocystic carinii, nocardia asteroides, guardia lamblia, kaposi sarcoma
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| abroviruses (arthropod borne viruses) | western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis, st. louis equine encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever
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| western equine encephalitis | mostquito carrier
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| eastern equine encephalitis | mosquito carrier
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| st. louis equine encephalitis | mosquito carrier
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| yellow fever | aedes agypti, walter reed, viscerotropic virus
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| dengue fever | mostquito carrier, 1st symptoms = arthralgia
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