Chapters 7-12
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| Norms | standards based on measurements of a large group of people; used for comparing the scores of an individual with those of others within a well-defined group
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| Psychometrics | the field of psychology that specializes in mental testing
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| standardization | a set of uniform procedures for treating each participant in a test, interview, or experiement, or for recording data
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| Who was the first person to quantify intellectual performance? | Alfred Binet
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| mental age | the age at which a child is performing intellectually, expressed in terms of the average age at which normal children achieve a particular score
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| chronological age | the numbers of months or years since an individual's birth
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| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | an index derived from standardization tests of intelligence; originally obtained by dividing an individual's mental ager by chronological age and then multiplying by 100
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| What is the criteria used to diagnose mental retardation? | -Under 18 = IQ score of 70 or less; must also demonstrate limitations in their ability to use adaptive skills on life tasks
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| What is the Gifted IQ? | 130+
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| What, besides IQ, is necessary to be labelled gifted? | show high levels of creativity, exert high levels of committment to particular problems r domains of performance
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| Creativity | the ability to generate ideas or products that are both novel and appropriate to the circumstance
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| PKU | Phenylketonuria, genetic disorder that can have a negative impact on IQ (people can control the negative effets if diagnosed in infancy and have a special diet)
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| J.P. Guilford | Intelligence theory: each content-product-operation combimnation represents a disting mental ability
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| Explain Content-Product-Operation | Content (5 types) is the type of infor, Product (6 types) is the form in which info is represented, Operationg (5 types) is the type of mental activity performed
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| Charles Spearman | Intelligence Theory: performance of individuals on each of a variety of intelligence tests was highly correlated (factor of general intelligence underlying all intelligences performed, or <g> and the domain associated with specific skills <s>)
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| Robert Sternberg | Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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| Explain the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence | Includes Intelligence, Analytical Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence
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| Howard Gardner | Multiple Intelligences and Emotional Intelligence
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| How many types of intelligence did Gardner identify? | 8, the value of ay given typed differs based on society
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| Raymond Cattell | Intelligence Theory: general intelligence can be broken down into two relatively independent components: Crystalized and Fluid
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| What is crystalized intelligence? | the knowledge a person has already acquired and the ability to access the knowledge; measured by vocabulary and arithmetic tests
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| What is fluid intelligence? | the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
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| What types of memories are the amygdala and hippocampus responsible for? | devlarative memory (facts, dates, names, etc.) and memories of emotional significance
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| What type of memory is the cerebellum responsible for? | procedural memories, memories acquired by repitition
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| What part of the brain is responsible for habit formation and stimulus respones connections? | Striatum
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| What type of memories is the cerebral cortex responsible for? | sensory memories and association between sensations
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| Inductive Reasoning | uses available evidence to generate likely, but uncertain, conclusions
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| Deductive Reasoning | a process in which one draws logical conclusions from two or more statements or premises
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| Retrograde Amnesia | brain damage precents access to memories that preceeded the moment of the injury
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| Anterograde Amnesia | one can no longer form explicit memories for events that occur after the time in which you suffered physical damage
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| Amnesia | a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma
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| What is observed after death in Alzheimers patients? | the brain contains unusual tangles of neural tissue and sticky deposits called plaque
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| What is grouping (chunking)? | reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principal
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| What is the Method of Loci? | remembering the order of a list of objects or sections of speeches by associating them with some sequence of places with which you are familiar
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| What are mnemoic devices? | a method for enhancing memory
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| What are some examples of mnemonic devices? | Rhymes, Grouping, Peg-word system, acrostics, imagery, acronyms
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| Meaningfulness | grouping information with the same value or meaning
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| Organization | grouping information into categories which would make them easier to remember
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| What are the four ways we forget? | 1: Interference (retrieval cues don't point to one specific memory) 2:Proactive Interference (old info makes it to learn new info) 3: Retroactive Interference (new infor makes it hard to keep old) 4:Nonsense Sylabols
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| What are 2 ways to put info into LTM? | Episodic Memory (things you have personally experiences), Semantic Memory (generic, categorical memories)
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| Explicit Memory | requires a conscious effort to recover information
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| Implicit Memory | availability of information through memory without conscious effort
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| memory | capacity to ecode, store, and retrieve information
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| encoding specificity | principle that subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues recieved at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding
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| procedural memory | memory of how tasks are carried out
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| declarative memory | fact based information such as facts and dates
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| episodic memory | long-term memories for autobiographical events and contexts in which they occurred
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| sensory memory (iconic memory) | memory that may have been useful at a specific time, it is only stored for a split second
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| short term memory (stm) | preservation of recent experiences
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| memory span for stm | Geroge Miller, +/- 7 minutes
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| long term memory (ltm) | storehouse of all experieces, events, info, emotions, skills, etc. that have been acquired from sensory and short term memories
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| recognition | a form of unclear recall
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| spacial memory states | when we capture properties of real and imagined special experiences
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| problem solving | involves a goal that will move from the initial state to the goal by means of reasoning
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| communication | sharing common ground with a conversational partner
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| belief-bias effect | where prior knowledge, attitudes, or personal values cloud reasoning and leads to a person accepting invalid arguments
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| judgement | the process of forming opinions, reaching conclusions, and making critical evaluations
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| decision making | the process of choosing between alternatives, selecting and rejecting available options
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| linguistic relativity | Sapir-whorf; suggests that the language people speak determines the way they percieve the world
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| inrferences | when listeners fill in gaps in information with bits that are logical assumptions made possible in memory
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| propositions | researchers state the meaning that follow understanding of utterances or text begins with basic units called propositions
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| Spoonerism | a speech error of an exchange of initial sounds of two or more words in a phrase or sentence
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| common ground | the presumption that the listener knows all that the speaker knows, based on 3 sources of evidence: community membership, copresence for action, and perceptual copresence
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| community membership | (blank)
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| copresence for action | (blank)
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| perceptual copresence | (blank)
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| cooperative principle | Paul Grice
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| autonmatic processes | does not require attention, often can be performed along with other tasks without interference
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| controlled processes | requires attention, thus exacting greater demand
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| attention | responsible for distributing metal processes
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| parallel processes | requires simultaneous examination of all elements in an array
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| serial processes | requires separate examination of each element in an array
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| reaction time | the amount of time it takes to perform a particular task
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| mental steps | FC Donders, extra mental steps will result in more time to perform a task
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| cognition | process of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also the content of the processes, such as concepts and memories
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| algorithm | a step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer for a aprticular type of problem
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| heuristics | "rule of thumb", shortcuts in solving a complex inferential task
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| Means-End Analysis | combination of hill climbing and working backwards, find the biggest difference between current state and where you're trying to get creating subgoals
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| working backwards | starting at the end and reversing results to see how to get to the end from the beginning
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| Hill Climbing | with each progressive step it gets closer to our goal, starting at the beginning
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| subgoals | small goals set in order to reach a bigger or more distant goal, like steps
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| functional fixedness | inability to percieve a new use for an object previousy associated with some other purpose
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| set effect | previous knowledge may cause a bias that blocks the solution
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| availability heuristic | a judgement based on the information readily available in memory
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| representative heuristics | a cognitive strategy that assigns an object to a category on the basis of a few characteristics regarded as representative of that category
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| framing | (blank)
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| WAIS | IQ test, originally tested adults
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| WISC IV | IQ test, for children aged 6-17, started in 2003
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| WPPSI II | IQ test, for children 4-6.5 years, started in 2002
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| Formal assessment must meet what 3 requirements? | reliability, validity, and standardization
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| How many standardized levels of mental retardation are there? | 4
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| What is the IQ for mild retardation? | 50-70
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| What is the IQ for moderate retardation? | 35-49
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| What is the IQ for severe retardation? | 20-34
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| What is the IQ for profound retardation? | 0-19
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| Sir Francis Galton? | key figure in the developent of western intelligence testing; also known for eugenics based on IQ
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| psychological assesment | the use of specified testing procedures to evaluate the abilities, behaviors, and personal qualities of people
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| An infant's body weight __________ in size in the first 6 months. | doubles
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| An infant's size __________ in weight by the age of one year. | triples
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| What are the 3 main stages of strees? | Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
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| cognitive development | the study of the processes of the products of the mind as they emerge and change over time
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| Where does the greatest change in an adolescent's brain occur? | frontal lobe (between the ages of 10 and 12)
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| physical developemtn | an organism's changes, maturation, and growth from conception and continuing across the life span
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| John Locke | nurture (development based onexperiences)
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| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | nativist (based on genetics, nature)
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| Indulgent Parent | responsive but fail to help child llearn about social rules and structure; aware and present but doesn't set boundaries
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| zygote | formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg
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| What is the earliest behavior that occurs during the prenatal period? | heartbeat, it begins at about 3 weeks after conception
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| fetus | after 8 weeks, the zygote is considered an embryo
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| When can a mother begin to feel fetal movements? | approximately 16 weeks
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| How many neurons does the prenatal brain generate per minute? | 250,000
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| 10 steps to wellness: | 1)exercise regularly 2)nutritious, balanced meals 3)maintain proper weight 4)7-8 hours sleep nightly 5)wear seat belts 6)don't smoke or do drugs 7)responsible alcohol use 8)safe sex 9)regular medical/dental checkups 10)optimistic perspective and friendshi
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| Kohlberg | the judgements people make about what courses of ction are correct orincorrect in particular situations
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| Erikson's Psychological Development | every individual must successfully navigate a series of psychosocial stages
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| Erickson, 0-1.5 | trust vs. mistrust
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| Erickson, 1.5-3 | autonomy vs. self-doubt
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| Erickson, 3-6 | initiative vs. guilt
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| Erickson, 6-puberty | competence vs. inferiority
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| Erickson, adolescent | identity vs. role confusion
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| Erickson, early adult | intimacy vs. isolation
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| Erickson, middle adult | generativity vs. stagnation
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| Erickson, later adult | ego integrity vs. despair
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| Maslow | created a hierarchy of needs, each level must be satisfied before the next level can be achieved
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| maturation | the process of growth, typical of all members of a species
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| assimilation | modifies new environmental information to fit into what is already known
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| accomodation | restructures or modifies the child's existing schemes so that new information is accounted for more completely
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| developmental psychology | the area of psychology that is concerned with changes in physical and psychological functions that occur from conception across the entired lifespan
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| cross-sectional design | observe and compare groups of individuals of chronological ages at the same time
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| wisdom | expertise in the fundamental practices of life
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| longitudinal research design | repeated observations of the same individuals over an extended period of time
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| Who determines the sex of a child? | the male
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| Whatis the length of afull term pregnancy in weeks? | 38 weeks
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| Ovum | the female egg, pre-conception
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| What is the ideal age of a mother? | 20-40 years old
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| How can drugs impact a pregnancy? | they may cause severe brain damage and life long mental handicaps
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| How can smoking impact a pregnancy? | it increases the risk of miscarriage, premature births, and low birth weight
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| How can alcohol impact a pregnancy? | may cause brain damage or other impairments
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| What is the average birth size? | 20 inches long, 6-8 pounds
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| anoxia | low oxygen level
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| breech | when the baby is born feet first
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| cesarean section | when a baby must be surgically removed
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| What is less developed at birth than other senses? | vision
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| What two senses are active when a baby is born? | Taste and Smell
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| When does puberty begin for females? | when menarche occurs (usually 12-13)
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| When does puberty begin for males? | when they begin the production of live sperm cells occurs (usually at 12-14)
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| How many stages are in Piaget's cognitive development? | 4
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| Piaget: Step 1 | sensorimotor (0-2)
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| Piaget: Step 2 | preoperational (2-7)
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| Piaget: Step 3 | concrete operations (7-11)
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| Piaget: Step 4 | formal operations (11+)
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| What are the stages of dying and grief? | 1) denial 2) anger 3) bargaining 4) depression 5) acceptance
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| Whats up with daycares? | children in daycares are often more adapted with respect to social interactions
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| neglecting parents | don't apply discipline nor are they responsive to their children's individuality or needs
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| authoritarian parent | applies discipline with little attention to the child's autonomy
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| authoritative parent | makes appropriate demands of the child, more likely to produce good communication
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| attachment | the emotional relationship between a child and the regular caregiver
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| Hull's Drive Cycle | internal states that arise in response to an animal's physiological needs
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| bulimia | periods of intense, out of control eating followed by purging (induced vomitting, laxatives, etc.)
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| instincts | pre-programmed tendencies that are essential for the survival of their species
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| motivation | all the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activites
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| anorexia nervosa | when an individual weighs less than 85% of her or his expected weight but still expresses an intense fear of becoming fat
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| What s the greatest problem in the US today? | Besides George Bush, it's obesity.
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| What is BMI, and what does it indicate? | Body Mass Index, it indicates if you are obese
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| What are the physiological symptoms of stress? | muscle-tension, hypertension, heart problems, ulcers, chest pains, insomnia, migraines, skin rashes, excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, increased cholesterol
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| What are the psychological symptoms of stress? | worry, tenseness, sadness, hopelessness, preoccupation, irritability, apprehension, low self-esteem
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| What are the behavioral symptoms of stress? | indecision, poor concentration, frantic pace, giving up, absenteeism, difficulty getting along with others, excessive eating and drinking
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| components of emotional intelligence | the ability to motivate self, persist in the face of frustration, control impulses, delay gratification, regulate one's moods, control emotions
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| emotions | a complex patterns of bodily and mental changes that includes physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive process, visible expressions and specific behavioral reactions made in response to a situation percieved as personally significant
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| What are the seven basic emotions? | fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt, anger, and sadness
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| What part of the brain handles emotions? | the amygdala and the cerebral cortex
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| What's the hardest emotion to control? | anger
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| stress | a nonspecific response that the body mades to any demand
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| What is the dangerous levelof life change units? | 300+
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| social support | resources, including material aid, socioemotional support, and information provided by others tohelp a person cope with stress
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| What are the 3 ways to harness the mind to heal the body? | (blank)
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| Type A Personality | time obsessive, more likely to have heart disease, competitive, aggressive, impatient, hostile
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| Type B Personality | less competitive, less hostile, basically the opposite of type A
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| problem-directed coping | confronting the problem directly
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| daily hassles | things that happen to you on an everyday basis such as losing something, being late to an appointment, getting a parking ticket, etc.
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| chronic stressors | stressors that endure over time
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| traumatic events | an event thatis negative and uncontrolled, unpredictable, or ambiguous that is particularly stressful
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| appraisal | defines in what ways a situation is stressful
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| anticipatory coping | efforts made in advace of a potentially stressful event to overcome, reduce, or tolerate the imbalance between percieved demands and available resources
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| modifying cognitive strategies | adapting to stress by changing your evaluations ofstressors and your self-defeating cognitions about the way you are dealing with them
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| What side of the brain typically handles emotion? | Right
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| What are the four ideals about adult intelligence | Rich factual knowledge, rich procedural knowledge, life span contextualism, uncertainty
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| Primary Appraisal | describes the initial evaluation of the seriousness of a demand
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| Secondary Appraisal | once you decide something must be done, you evaluate the personal and social resources that are available to deal with the stressful circumstances and consider the actions that are needed
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| hardiness | a set of personality characteristics marked by feelings of commitment, challenge, and control that promotes resistance to stress
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