volcanoes
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| volcano | A weak spot in the crust where molten material, or magma, comes from the surface.
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| magma | Is a molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle.
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| lava | Magma that reaches the surface.
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| Ring of Fire | A major volcano belt that is formed by many volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean.
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| island arc | A string of islands that is caused by a resulting volcano.
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| hot spot | An area where material from deep within the mantle rises and then melts, forming magma.
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| element | A substance that cannot be broken down into another substance.
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| compound | A substance that is made up of two or more elements that have been chemically combined.
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| physical property | Any characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance.
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| chemical property | A property that produces a change in the composition of the substance.
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| viscosity | The resistance of a liquid to flowing.
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| silica | Made up of particles of the elements oxygen and silicon. Silica is one of the abundant materials of the earth's crust.
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| pahoehoe | Fast-moving, hot lava that has low viscosity.
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| aa | Cooler slower-moving lava.
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| magma chamber | The pocket where magma collects.
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| pipe | A long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to earth's surface.
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| vent | Where molten rock and gas leave the volcano.
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| lava flow | The area covered by lava when it pours out the vent.
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| crater | A bowl-shaped area that may form at the top of the volcano around the central vent.
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| pyroclastic flow | The expultion of ash, cinders,bombs, and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption.
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| dormant | Describes a volcano that is not currently active, but may become active in the future.
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| extinct | Describes a volcano that is no longer active and is not likley to erupt again.
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| shield volcano | A wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions.
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| cinder cone | A steep cone-shaped hill or small mountain made of volcanic ash,cinders, and bombs piled up around a volcano's opening.
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| composite volcano | A tall cone-shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and other volcanic materials.
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| caldera | The large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano's magma chamber collapses.
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| volcanic neck | A deposit of hardened magma in a volcano's pipe.
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| dike | A slab of volcanic rock formed when magma forces itself across rock layers.
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| sill | A slab of volcanic rock formed when magma sqeezes between layers of rock.
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| batholith | A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust.
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| geothermal activity | The heating of undergroud water by magma.
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| geyser | A fountain of water and stream that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals.
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