Valhalla High School Bentley AP World Ch. 21
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| Aboriginal Australians | nomadic, foraging society native to Austalia (small amounts of trade) | despite the option of stable agriculture, the Aboriginies remained nomadic | 1000-1500CE | Chapter 21 | Australia
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| Sweet Potatoes | an important source of food for Pacific Islanders and especially New Zealand | borrowed from the Soth Americans, it represented the skill of Polynesian mariners and in turn benefitted their society with another plentiful source of food | established throughout the island, 400-700CE | Chapter 21 | Polynesia
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| Fishponds | a pool built with a gate that allowed large fish to be trapped in, while small fish could swim out | provided Hawaian natives with a large food supply, and correspondingly larger population | 1100-1300CE | Chapter 21 | Hawai'i
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| Easter Island | a small island that became overpopoulated to the point at which they divided into opposing camps, then fought, killed, desecrated, and occasionally ate they enemies | portray the negative effects of overpopulation | 1100-1500CE | Chapter 21 | Easter Island
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| Saneleur Daynasty | ruled over the island of Pohnpei, using large scale administrative techniques | had social organization on a large scale never before seen in Oceania | 1200-1600 | Chapter 21 | Caroline Islands, Oceania
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| Nan Madol | the administrative center of the Sandeleur Dynasty, it is composed of ninety-three man-made iselets and is surrounded by thick walls | controlled the Sandeleur Dyansty and was the only place in Oceania with such an advanced administation | built 1200-1600CE | Chapter 21 | Caroline Islands, Oceania
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| ali'i nui | a social class of high cheifs in Hawai'i that were very well respected, ate food forbidden to commoners, and wore great feathered coats | most Pacific Islander societies were cheifdoms, also it is an expample of the distint social classes emerging in the islands | 1000-1500CE | Chapter 21 | Hawai'i
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| marae | temples with terraced floors and thatched roofs, or else walled courtyards | home to many religious ceremonies, very importatn to society because priests are the messangers of gods | 1000-1500CE | Chapter 21 | Pacific Islands
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| Mahaiatea | a marae in Tahiti shaped like a step pyramid, one of the largest maraes in the world | showshow impprtant gods and priests are to Pacific Islander communities becasue of its magnificence | built between 1000-1500 | Chapter 21 | Tahiti
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| tabu | something the high cheifs forbid commoners to do, eat, or act in Hawai'i | portatrays the power and respect the high cheifs command | 1100-1500 | Chapter 21 | Hawai'i
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| chinampas | agricultural gardens used by Mexica (Aztecs) in which fertile muck from lake bottoms was dredged and built up into small plots | allowed for cultivation jobs to open up to commoners -who were the bulk of Mexica population | 1300-1500CE | Chapter 21 | Mexica Society (in an area located around the Yucatan Peninsula)
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| calpulli | clans or groups of families claiming descent from common ancestors | calpulli assigned plots to the commoners in order to have them cultivated; calpulli allowed for organized agricultural success in Mexica society | 1345-1500CE | Chapter 21 | above the Yucatan Peninsula
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| Quetzalcóatl (keht-zahl-koh-AHT'l) | aztec god, the "feathered serpant," who was borrowed originally from the Toltecs; Quetzalcóatl was believed to have been defeated by another god and exiled, and he promised to return. Also known as the lord of life | supported arts, crafts, and agriculture in Mexica society | 1345-1500CE | Chapter 21 | above the Yucatan Peninsula
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| Tezcatlipoca | aztec god, "the Smoking Mirror," a powerful figure associated with giving and taking life; the patron deity of warriors. Also known as the god of death | provided a major source of mortality for the Mexica people (Afterlife?) | 1345-1500CE | Chapter 21 | above the Yucatan Peninsula
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| Huitzilopochtli (wee-tsee-loh-pockt-lee) | sun god and patron deity of the Aztecs. Military success persuaded Mexica people that Huitzilopochtli favored the Mexica, and as military successed mounted, the priests of Huitzilopochtli's cult demanded sacrificial victims to keep the war god appeased | Mexica enthusiasm for human sacrifice followed from their devotion to Huitzilopochtli | 1345-1500CE | Chapter 21 | above the Yucatan Peninsula
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| bloodletting | a Mexica ritual in which sacrificial offerings of humans were made in honor to the gods; the gods were thought to have created the world (watered crops) by shedding their own blood, and the Mexica peoples perform rituals to honor this belief | reflected the desire of the Mexica to keep their agricultural society growing | 1345-1500CE | Chapter 21 | above the Yucatan Peninsula
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| Pueblo | native americans wo irrigated maize crops and built adobe homes | introduced stone and adobe buildings to the Americas | 700-1000CE | Chapter 21 | North America
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| Navajo | native americans who were similar to the Pueblo; the Navajo hunted small game -like rabbits- and raised crops of wild plants | introduced cultivation of wild plants too the Americas | 700-1000CE | Chapter 21 | North America
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| Iroquois (EAR-uh-kwoi) | eastern American Indian confederation made up of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga,and Seneca tribes | introduced longhouses conrtolled mainly by women; the Iroquoi people showed equality and respect for women (establishment of women's rights) | 1000-1450CE | Chapter 21 | North America (east of the Mississippi River)
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| Cahokia (kuh-HOH-kee-uh) | large structure in modern day Illinois that was constructed by the mound-building peoples; it was the third largest structure in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans | provided prime locations for rituals, ceremonies, dwellings, and even burial sites for the mound-building people of the Mexica | 1400-1500CE | Chapter 21 | above the Yucatan Peninsula
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| toltecs | the people of Teotihuachan who were centered around the city of Tula located in central america | forced subordinate tribes to pay tribute to them | 8th century | 21 | central america
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| Tula | important craft and trade center of the Toltec | diversity within the city caused tension leading to the end of the Toltec empire 1125 CE | 11th century | 21 | central america
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| the Mexica | a people who migrated to Mexico from the north - commonly known as the Aztecs | disrupted neighboring people by stealing their land and women | 15th century | 21 | central america
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| Tenochtitlan | Aztec capital created in the middle of a lake | developed Chinampa a form of agriculture used in marshlands | 1345 | 21 | central america
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| The Aztec Empire | Mexica overpowered their neighbors and gained tribute along with land allowing them to create an empire | joined with the Texcoco and Tlacopan to gain control over 12 million people | 15th century | 21 | central america
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| Tribute and Trade | the Mexica took tribute from neighboring people - used objects gained from tribute to trade | tribute requirements were often quite oppressive towards the neighboring people | 15th century | 21 | central america
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| Social Structure | Mexica warriors were very high on the social hierarchy because it was a military state | common people could improve their social standing by performing well in battle | 16th century | 21 | central america
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| Warriors | received land based on ability and received tribute from lower classes | the most important warriors formed a council and made decisions on public issues | 16th century | 21 | central america
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| Mexica women | almost no public role in society - respected as mothers | worked in markets but were encouraged to stay home | 15th century | 21 | central america
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| Priests | ranked in the elite of society - were specially educated - advised rulers with their knowledge of the universe | very prominent and influential politically | 15th century | 21 | central america
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