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Respiratory Tract Diseases

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Question
Answer
How is TB transmitted?   via respiratory droplets  
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What does a positive Mantoux or tine test indicate?   TB infected the person at some time  
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How has TB tx changed?   requires antibacterial susceptibility testing to find effective drugs--tx with triple ABT for 6 mos-2 yrs  
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Describe the pseudomembrane caused by diphtheria   seudomembrane--forms in pharynx--can cause asphyxiation--should not be removed--risk of bleeding to death  
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What is unusual about the morphology of Bordetella pertussis?   Bordetella pertussis is a coccobacillus  
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Who is most susceptible to pertussis?   young children  
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How is pertussis recognized?   by paroxysmal sound when coughing stops long enough for inspiration  
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What does a paroxysm cause?   whooping sound that occurs when coughing must stop for O2 replacement by stressful inspiration  
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What 2 systems are used to classigy the streptococci?   Lancefield's C carbohydrate grouping (A,B,C, etc) and by hemolysis type  
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What are the common, significant sites of human infection by the streptococci?   common, significant sites of human strptococcal infection are throat, oral cavities, vagina, and intestines  
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In what relatively new site is group B strep (strep agalactiae) found today?   human vaginal tract  
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Which people are at risk for which diseases from group B strep?   newborns are at risk for septicemia and meningitis from group B strep  
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What color will viridans step produce on blood agar? What particular disease does viridans strp cause?   viridans strp will produce a greenish tinge on blood agar--viridans strep causes subacute endocarditis  
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what chemical componenet of the cell wass is used to differentiate the above streptococci?   C carbohydrate is used to differentiate streptococci  
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What relation does the pneumococcal (strep pneumoniae) capsule have to virulence?   oly encapsulated strains are virulent  
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What relation does the pneumococcal (strep pneumoniae) capsule have to do with the number of times an individual can acquire qneumococcal pneumonia?   ninety times because there are ninety serovars  
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What are the epidemiology and pathology of the pneumococcus?   spread from human to human--pus-like exudate and fluid accumulation in the lungs--x-rays/rusty sputum help dx--death by drowning--lungs fill with fluid  
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How should infection with the pneumococcus be prevented?   infection with pneumococcus prevented with pneumovax--immuity lasts 5 yrs--booster shots recommended if no hypersensitivity develops  
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List two unusual characteristics about Mycoplasma cell envelopes   cell has no cell wall (peptidoglycan layer) and membranes that contain sterols  
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Describe how to diagnose the disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae   best dx is to observe increasing tiiters of cold agglutinins that cause RBC agglutination at refrigerator temps  
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Describe the source, symptoms, and at-risk individuals for legionellosis. On what does Legionella pneumophila usually feed?   sources are aerosols from lakes, streams, cooling towers--sx--resp. distress--at risk--heavy smokers and drinkers--feed on amoebae  
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How do contacts of meningitis patients protect themselves?   health-care workers/family contacts--at risk to acquire meningitis from pts and need prophylactic tx with rifampin  
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What is the most common cause of meningitis?   Hemophilus influenzae--organism initially isolated from flu pt--gram-neg. pleomorphic, rod-shaped, aerobic organism--requires carbon dioxide and vit. to grow--90% fatal if untx--1/3 have perm. mental damage if tx immediately  
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How soon does tx of meningococcal meningitis need to start?   tx of meningococcal meningitis needs to start immediately  
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How are C. pneumoniae cultured?   can't be grown on bacterial media--must be grown inside of human cells in culture--can't produce own ATP and must acquire from host cell--obligate intracellular pathogens  
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What virulence activities are associated with each layer of streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep)? What virulence activities are associated with major toxins?   C carbohydrate prevents lysozyme from lysing cells--M protein--displays 90 types--attachment factor and antiphagocytic--hyaluronic acid capsule masks bacteria--streptolysins damage membrane of heart cells and WBCs  
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