Acquired Immunity
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| What is an antigen? | pe, usually a protein/polysaccharide--recognized by the body as foreign matter
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| What is an epitope? | part of an Ag that actually binds to an Ab
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| What is the function of B Cells? Ehat is the specialized secreting progeny cell called? | B cells produce antibodies--specialized secreting progeny cell is a plasma cell
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| How much time is required to produce Abs? | seven to ten days
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| What other cell type besides specialized secreting progeny cell, results from B cell proliferation? what is its function? | Memory B cells result from B cell proliferation--provide a quick response to future Ag exposure by producing Abs against that Ag
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| What does a Th cell cause to happen to many immune cells? | causes proliferation of many immune cells
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| Where do B and T cells mature? | B cells--bone marrow--T cells--thymus
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| What 3 cell types are required for an acquired immune response? | antigen presenting cell (APC), T helper (Th), and a B or T cell that is stimulated to proliferate
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| What two cytokines are required for an acquired immune response, and what cells secete them? | cytokines IL1(interleukin 1) and IL2 (interleukin 2)--required for acquired immune response--IL1 secreted by APC and IL2 secreted by the Th cell
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| What cells are not stimulated when a T-independent antigen (such as polysaccharide) is detected by the immune system? | Th cells not stimulated when T-independent antigen detected by immune system--no memory cells formed
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| What is the purpose of a plasma cell? | to produce antibodies that recognize and bind to specific antigens
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| How many Ag binding sites does IgG have? IgM? Secretory IgA (sIgA)? | IgG--2, IgM--10, sIgA--4
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| Which Ab class has the longest half-life? | IgG has the longest--21 days
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| which Ab classes opsonize Ags? | IgG and IgM
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| How do Abs fix complement? | Abs IgG and IgM fix complement--bind to pathogen--C3 binding site exposed--compliment begins cascade of protein binding
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| Why do we resis a second round of infection with 3 day measles virus? | in 2nd infection--virions destroyed by B and T cells that recognize virus's Ags before becoming symptomatic
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| What is active immunity? | induces immune system into protective state--introduces weakened or kills microbe before exposure to virulent microbes occur
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| What is passive immunity? | introduces specific antibodies from one host to another recently exposed individual--no long term immunity--Abs slowly degraded
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| Small Ab:Ag complexes can give rise to what types of disease? | arthritis, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, other immune complex diseases
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| What is an allergen? | substance that provokes allergic response by inducing IgE production
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| Why doesn't a person have an allergic response during the first exposure to an allergen? | 1st exposure to allergen because 1st exposure results production of IgM--subsequent exposures--expression of Ab classes swithch to IgE--binds to mast cells and basophils--sensitizes them
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| What does humoral immunity refer to? | Abs
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| Why is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction hard to the touch? | it is tightly packed with immune cells
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| Hypersensitivity reaction Type I | allergens bind to IgE Ab on mast cells and basophils that release histamine
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| Hypersensitivity reaction Type II | Abs in the host bind to host Ags--fix complement-opsonize Ags so complement and phagocytes destroy Ags
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| Hypersensitivity reaction Type III | small complexes of Ab:Ag form--filtered out in kidney or stick to host tissues where phagocytic cells attack whole complex tissue areas
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| Hypersensitvity reaction Type IV | T cells--especially Tc cells--recruited to site by foreign Ags--Tc cells release toxic chemicals in the area
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| Bruton's disease | pt makes no B cells
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| DiGeorge syndrome | T cells do not form due to a failed thymus
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| Severe combined immunodeficiency | virus kills Th cells that control nearly all other immune responses
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| Acquired immunodificiency | virus kills the Th cells that control nearly all other immune responses
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| List 5 autoimmune diseases | rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis
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