Miss Kenton-STHS: Terms & Concepts of the Industrial Revolution
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| How did the Agrarian Revolution spark the Industrial Revolution? | Improvements in the quantity & quality of farm products led to healthier, longer-living people. Forced urbanization resulted from the lack of available farming jobs in the rural villages. The population growth of the cities= a ready & willing workforce.
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| Why was Britain in the lead? | plentiful resources, ready workforce, prosperous economy, availability of capital & demand, stable government
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| Changes in the Textile Industry | Cottage Industry (hand produced)-->Factory Industry (mass production); cottages were to small to house the machinery, so factories led to greater production, lower costs, more consumers, higher profits, and high demand.
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| Benefits of Industrialization | reformers got laws passed to improve conditions; labor unions won right to bargain w/ employers; working-class men gained right to vote; creation of more jobs; wages rose; families could afford entertainment; lower transportation cost=more travel
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| Challenges of Industrialization | air, noise, & environmental pollution; foul, over-crowded tenement slums; no sanitation system/running water; spread of diseases; frustration led to violence; long hours, low pay; no safety devices=injuries/death; women/child labor; lack of education
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| James Watt | improved the steam engine; powered the revolution (machinery & later locomotives and steamships)
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| Eli Whitney | inventor of the cotton gin; separated the seed from the cotton; more efficient method that led to increased production of cotton that fueled the textile industry
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| Karl Marx | Communism/Marxism: said there would be an inevitable struggle between social class ("haves vs. have-nots") in which the working class would rise up and take over creating a classless society
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| Socialism | where the people rather than private individuals would own & operate the means of production (farms, factories, railways, & other businesses)
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| Proletariat | working class
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| What changes occurred as the Industrial Revolution took hold? | Technological-mechanization, use of energy, & transportation; Rapid urbanization & creation of new middle class & working class that lived & worked in wretched conditions; development of laissez-faire capitalism, utilitarianism, socialism, & communism.
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| Tenements | multistory buildings divided into apartments that had no running water, no sewage or sanitation systems, and were overcrowded with the struggling poor.
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| Labor Union | workers' organizations that were illegal at this time; wished to initiate reforms, but had no political power yet; frustration sometimes led to violence
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| entrepreneur | a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
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| Why were coal & iron needed? | Coal=needed to smelt iron and to power steam engines; Iron=needed for better farming tools, factory machinery, and railways
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| How does the Industrial Revolution lead to empire building? | The global balance of power will shift after the revolution because industrialized nations dominated the rest of the world.
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| Capital | money used to start up businesses
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| Thomas Malthus | he thought the population would grow faster than the food supply; opposed charity and vaccinations to help lower the population; proven wrong
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| Jeremy Bentham | he promoted utilitarianism or the idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens
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| Socialism | radical solution; people as a whole would own and operate farms, factories, & railways; everyone would share the profits and property was commonly owned
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| Robert Owen | his idea of a utopian society was to set up communitites that were ideal. but they proved very unrealistic
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Created by:
dkenton
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